Modern History of Western Civilization

Modern History

This can be examined in more detail through connections to Anglic peoples including the British, Anglo-American, and Anglo-Australian extensions, the Latin peoples including the Italic, French, Hispanic, and Lusitanic extensions, the Germanic peoples, Northeast european peoples, Balkan peoples, and Scandinavian peoples.

16th Century

The 16th century had three major developments. Within Europe, movements called the Scientific revolution and the Protestant reformation began. At the same time, Europeans began what is known as the great age of exploration and discovery. Anglic peoples of England were affected by the Protestan reformation and to explore North America including parts of what are now the United States and Canada. Latin explorers, traders, missionaries, and colonists reached the New World and India, Southeast Asia, and the coasts of China and Japan. Italy was divided. France was divided by the Protestant reformation, but participated in the exploration of the world. Spain became the richest, most powerful country in Europe and a staunch supporter of the Catholic church during the Reformation as it plundered treasures of the Aztec and Inca empires and began to colonize the Americas. The Portuguese established bases on the coast of Africa, and began to explore colonize Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, Germany was the principal seat of the Protestant Reformation. Northeast European peoples include Russia, which began to expand eastward across Siberia. Ukraine was principally part of the kingdom of Poland. I do not yet have details of Balkan peoples, but Scandinavian peoples were beginning to exapand in to mainland Europe. In the mid 16th century, there was some British exploration of North America. In the late-mid 16th century, there was some British exploration of North America. In the late 16th century, there was an attempt to found a British colony in North America.

17th century

In the 17th century, Anglic peoples began to become colonial powers. The United Kingdom began to colonize North America in what would eventually become the United States. Cities in what would eventually become the northern United States were founded. There were also colonies in what would become Canada. Latin peoples were among the major powers of Europe and the world. Italic peoples were important in Europe, but had little influence beyond it. The French began to colonize North America. Hispanic peoples expanded greatly as the empire controlled by Spain grew Lusitanic peoples were expanding in the Americas and developed Brazil as a colony. Some Germanic peoples were also becoming colonial powers. In Germany, the Thirty Years War was fought, and there were also conflicts with France. The Dutch began to partly displace the Portuguese. Northeast European peoples including Russia, which was expanding into central Asia and coming into conflict with the Ottoman empire, began to become significant. Ukraine was struggling with Russia, Poland, and the Ottoman Empire. Balkan peoples of Romania, Greece, Serbia, and Hungary were connected with the Ottoman Empire. Scandinavian peoples were also significant. In the early 17th century, British colonies in North America were founded. Latin peoples had established Brazil as a colony. In the early mid 17th century, Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. Among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in the Americas were expanding. In the mid 17th century, Among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in the Americas were expanding. Among Latin peoples Brazil remained a portuguese colony. In the late-mid 17th century, Among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in the Americas were expanding. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. In the late 17th century, In Russia the energetic but cruel Peter I (the Great) came to power and initiated a program to bring Western learning to Russia. Among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in the Americas were expanding. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a Portuguese colony.

18th century

Holdings of the Anglic peoples expanded, often at the expense of the Latin powers. The English of the UK began to exand their influence in India. Ireland was under Britsh rule. The United States gained its political independence. What is now the Northern US was expanding. Canada was taken from the French, and came under British rule The British began to colonize Australia and explore New Zealand. Latin peoples were significant. Among Italic peoples, Italy was disunited. Among French peoples, France began to expand in India. Hispanic peoples were part of a large colonial empire. Lusitanic peoples were also significant. The Portuguese began to lose various of their holdings in East Asia, but colonial Brazil was gradually expanding. Among Germanic peoples, Germany was the focus of a contest between Prussia and Austria, and the Dutch people of the Netherlands had a significant colonial empire. Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia expanded eastward across northern Asia. Ukraine was caght between Russia, Poland, and the Ottoman empire. There were numerous conflicts among the Balkan peoples. Scandinavian peoples also had numerous events.

In the early 18th century, In Russia ,the Swedish invaded Russia and were badly defeated by Peter I, who was a vigorous reformer. Peter had lost some of its gains to the Ottoman empire, but took control of Poland and defeated Persians in battle. Among Anglic peoples, the American colonies were growing. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a colony of Portugal.

In the early-mid 18th century, among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in America fought with French colonies. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a colony of Portugal. Among Northeast European peoples, explorers reached the Bering sea. Russia strengthened its control of Poland and reconquered territory from the Ottoman Turks.

In the mid 18th century, among Anglic peoples, the British colonies in America fought with the French colonies in the French and Indian wars. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a colony of Portugal. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia consolidated its conquests. I do not yet have details of the early 1740s, late 1740s, early 1750s, or late 1750s.

In the late-mid 18th century, among Anglic peoples, several of the American colonies declared independence as the United States. Among Latin peoples, Brazil remained a colony of Portugal. Mexico expanded its holdings by founding San Francisco in California. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia fought with Poland, and fought with the Ottoman Empire. I do not yet have details of the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, or late 1770s.

In the late 18th century, among Anglic peoples, United States independence was recognized and a strong constitutional government was created. Among Latin peoples, in Mexico the town of Los Angeles was founded, and Brazil remained a colony of Portugal. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia fought with the Ottoman Empire, took part of Poland, and expanded to approximately its present European borders. I do not yet have details of the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, or late 1790s.

19th century

Western political rule of the rest of the world reached its height in the 19th century. Among the Anglic peoples, the British empire was the dominant power of the world and had vast holdings in Africa, India and southeast Asia and Oceania, although Anglo-American peoples were expanding westward and developing rapidly. The Anglo-Australian peoples of Australia and New Zealand developed. Among Latin peoples, Italic peoples were becoming unified. The French suffered defeats in European wars, but were nevertheless influential in Asia and Africa. The Spanish colonial empire began to disintegrate as the various peoples of the Americas claimed political independence. The Lusitanic colonial empire was also influential in Africa and Southeast Asia, but also began to disintegrated as Brazil became independent. Germanic peoples began to unify politically and were involved in various European wars, and also began to industrialize. Northeast European peoples including those of Russia (which expanded to include much of Asia) developed. There were numerous conflicts among Balkan peoples, which began to declare independence from the Ottoman Empire. Scandinavian peoples can also be considered some.

Details of the early 19th century are found in the particular nations. Among Anglic peoples, The United States expanded considerably with the addition of the Louisiana Purchase. Among Latin peoples, In Mexico, revolutionary movements had begun. Mexico City was significant. Among Lusitanic peoples, the Portuguese monarchy fled the Napoleonic wars and went to Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, part of them were under the rule of Prussia, which had been defeated by Napoleon, part of were under the rule of Austria, and part of them were a patchwork of small states. New York City was significant. Among Northeast European peoples, Napoleon invaded Russia and met with utter disaster, losing most of his army. I do not yet have details of the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, or late 1810s.

In the early-mid 19th century, New York City became the largest city in the United States. Among Anglic peoples, the US expanded westward in numerous conflicts with the Indians. Among Latin peoples ther were numerous developments. French peoples can be considered. Among Hispanic peoples, Mexico gained its independence. Mexico City became the capital of a newly independent Mexico. Among Lusitanic peoples, part of the Portuguese royal family returned to Portugal, and part remained to rule Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and the last Holy Roman emperor died. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia defeated the Persians, Ottoman Turks, and defeated and conquered Poland. I do not yet have details of the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, or late 1830s.

In the mid 19th century. Among Anglic peoples,the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican war and took a large chunk of its territory. New York City expanded. Among Latin peoples, Among Italic peoples, Italy began to unify. Among French peoples, the Second Republic ended when Napoleon III came to power. Among Hispanic peoples, Mexico lost much of its northern territory to the US in the US-Mexican war. Mexico City was briefly occupied. I have few details of Lusitanic peoples including Brezil. Among Germanic peoples, Germany, various revolutions broke out, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia was expanding into Central Asia and reached a border with china, came into conflict with the Ottoman Empire, and had some influence in the Balkans. I do not yet have details of the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, or late 1850s.

In the late-mid 19th century, Among Anglic peoples, the United States was concerned with its Civil war and reconstruction. Among Latin peoples, Italic peoples were sufficiently unified that the Kingdom of Italy was established. Among French peoples, France invaded Mexico and attempted to set up a monarchy, but was defeated. Among Lusitanic peoples, I have no details on Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, Prussia defeated the Austrian empire and France, and proclaimed the new empire of Germany. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia defeated the Ottoman empire and expanded further into southeast Asia. I do not yet have details of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, or late 1870s.

In the late 19th century Among Anglic peoples, the United Kingdom was still the greatest world power. The United States continued to industrialize and several monumental structures were built. New York City was important. Latin peoples were also important. Among Italic peoples, Italy was involved in conflicts with its neighbors. French people extended their holdings among African peoples and in Indochina. Among Hispanic peoples, The government of Mexico was harsh and dictatorial. Among Lusitanic peoples, Brazil emancipated its slaves, and its emperor was overthrown, with a republican-type government succeeding it. Germany joined in a movement to partition Africa. Among Northeast European peoples, there was serious unrest and resistance to the autocratic rule of the Russian imperial government. I do not yet have details of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s.

20th century

The major conflicts of the 20th century principally originated in Western civilization. The Western powers began to divest themselves of their colonial empires, but left a cultural and institutional legacy that had substantially changed all other peoples. Among the Anglic peoples, influence shifted from the British Empire to the US. Latin peoples were not as strong as before. Italic peoples were unified, the French lost most of their overseas empire, and Hispanic peoples and Lusitanic peoples remained politially disunited and economically somewhat backward compared to the Anglic peoples. Germanic peoples were at the center of the World wars. Northeastern Europe was dominated by Conmmunism, the Balkan peoples were fractured and divided, and Scandinavian countries were more or less on the fringes of the major conflicts. The early 21st century has much of the current work in Western Civilization