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In modern times, Western civilization came to dominate all others. It made numerous contacts with Asiatic peoples and African peoples, and entirely dominated and submerged the American Indian peoples. Developments among the various peoples can ge followed through the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. |
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More details are available for Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples.
Within Europe, movements called the Scientific revolution and the Protestant reformation began. At the same time, Europeans began what is known as the great age of exploration and discovery. Anglic peoples began to reform, explore, and colonize in North America. Latin peoples claimed an early lead in the age of exploration and discovery and reached the Americas, African and Brazil, but resisted the Reformation. Germanic peoples were the principal supporters of the Protestant Reformation. Northeast European peoples were among the early leaders in the Scientific revolution, but their expansion was directed eastward across Northern and Western Asia. Balkan peoples were influenced by the Middle east. Scandinavian peoples were noticeable. In Asia, among Middle Eastern peoples, the Ottoman Empire predominated. Among South Asian peoples the Mughal empire was rising, and the Portuguese made early contact. Central Asian peoples began losing their influence, primarily to the Russians. Oriental peoples were contacted, principally by the Portuguese and the Dutch. In Southeast Asian peoples, the Portuguese and Spanish began to set up trading posts. In Africa, the Portuguese and other explorers set up settlements on the coasts of Africa in Western Africa, Southern Africa, and Eastern Africa to support their trade with India and the Indies, but did not penetrate into the interior. Among American Indian peoples, In Middle America, the Spanish destroyed the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan and rebuild it as Mexico City, and conquered the Inca empire of South America with astonishing ease. North America had limited exploration. The early 16th century including nations and early mid 16th century including nations can be considered. Studies of the mid 16th century are just beginning with nations. Studies of the late-mid 16th century use particular nations, and Western Civilization is just starting to emerge. Studies of the late 16th century using particular nations are just beginning to emerge with consideration of Western Civilization and Asiatic peoples.
The peoples of Western civilization began to develop principles of modern science that permitted them to maintain a technological advantage over the rest of the world. Explorations of and regular trade with Asia and the edges of Africa continued. The process of colonization of the New World and conquest of the American Indian peoples continued. Anglic peoples began to colonize North America. Latin peoples were among the major powers of Europe and the world. Some germanic peoples were also becoming colonial powers. Northeast European peoples were increasingly involved in parts of Asia. Balkan peoples also struggled with the Ottoman Empire. Scandinavian peoples began to become important in Europe. Among Asiatic peoples, there was increasing contact with Western missionaries, traders, and explorers. Among Middle Eastern peoples the Ottoman Empire predominated. South Asian peoples were largely ruled by the Mughal Empire, but the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French had increasing presence. Central Asian peoples were in contact with China and Russia. Among Oriental peoples, the Ming dynasty of China was succeeded by the Qing (Manchu) dynasty. Japan had retreated from Wetern contact. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Jarkarta in the East Indies was captured and renamed Batavia by the Dutch. Spanish rule in the Philippines expanded. In Africa, most of the European contact with Africa remained on the coastal regions. I do not yet have many details for East Africa, West Africa, or Central Africa. The Dutch began to colonize South Africa. Among American Indian peoples, the Spanish continued to rule Meso-American peoples, and South American peoples, except for those areas controlled by Brazil. North American Indian peoples were being contacted by British, French, and Spanish exploreres. Studies of the early 17th century including nations show connections with Western Civilization including colonization of the Americas by the English, and among Asiatic peoples, the decline of the Ming dynasty of China. Studies of the early mid 17th century include a little of Western civilization including the increased development of English colonies in the Americas. Among Asiatic peoples, in South Asia the Mughal empire flourished, although the British began founding cities. The Ming dynasty of China continued to decline.
In the mid 17th century in Western Civilization, among Anglic peoples the American colonies continued to grow. Among Asiatic peoples, in South Asia the Mughal empire was the predominant power. Among Oriental peoples, the Qing (Manchu) dynasty of China overthrew the Ming dynasty. I do not yet have much information about African peoples or American Indian peoples. I do not yet have particular details of the early 1640s, late 1640s, early 1650s, or late 1650s.
In the late-mid 17th century, in Western Civilization, among Anglic peoples, the American colonies continued to grow. Among Asiatic peoples, in South Asia the Mughal Empire began a harsh rule of Hindus. In the Orient, the Qing dynasty continued and consolidated its rule. The Dutch dominated the East Indies. I do not yet have details of African peoples or American Indian peoples. I do not yet have details of the early 1660s, late 1660s, early 1670s, or late 1670s.
In the late 17th century, in Western Civilization among the Anglic peoples, the American colonies. Among Asiatic peoples, in South Asia the harsh rule of of the Mughal Empire over Hindus continued. In the Orient, the Qing dynasty continued to develop. The Dutch dominated the East Indies. I do not yet have details of African or American Indian peoples. I do not yet have details of the early 1680s, late 1680s, early 1690s, or late 1690s.
The Western exploration of the world continued. The Anglic peoples began to extend in North America. Latin peoples also expanded. Italic peoples were more more or less left behind in the development. French peoples made progress in exploration of North America, but were dislodged by the British. Hispanic peoples began to decline. Spain struggled to control its empire. Hispanic Mexican peoples and Hispanic Colombian peoples were developing distinctive identities. Among Lusitanic peoples, Portugal was beginning to be displaced by the British, French, and Dutch, but Brazil continued under Portuguese rule. Northeast European peoples began to become significant powers with the eastward expansion of Russia into Central Asia. Germanic peoples were also important in Europe. Balkan peoples were present, but less significant. Scandinavian peoples were significant within Europe. Asiatic peoples began to come under Western rule. In the Middle east, British, French, and Russians began to contest the Ottoman empire. Parts of India and what is now Bangladesh begant to come under British rule, and French colonies and influence were also growing. Oriental peoples were indifferent or hostile to European contact. Southeast Asia began to come partly under Dutch and Hispanic rule, although large sections, like the Oriental peoples, were indifferent or hostile to Europeans. Explorations of Africa began, though various natural barriers impeded progress. East Africa, Western Africa, and Central Africa all had coastal European enclaves. The colonization of the New World and conquest of the American Indian peoples continued. The Spanish ruled Meso-American peoples, and they and the Portuguese ruled South American peoples. North American peoples were influenced by the British, French, and Spanish, and had various frendly and hostile relations with them.
Studies of the early 18th century are connected to Western Civilization including Latin and Anglic peoples. Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples can be considered. African peoples and American Indian peoples can be considered. I do not yet have details of the early 1700s, late 1700s, early 1710s, or late 1710s.
Studies of the early-mid 18th century are just beginning. Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, and Northeast European peoples is being sketched, Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples are being sketched. So far I have few details of African or American Indian peoples. I do not yet have details of the early 1720s, late 1720s, early 1730s, or late 1730s.
The mid 18th century can be considered. Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, and Northeast European peoples is being sketched. I have a little information on Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Oriental, and Southest Asian peoples. So far I have few details of African or American Indian peoples. I do not yet have details for the early 1740s, late 1740s, early 1750s, or late 1760s.
The late-mid 18th century can be considered. Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, and Northeast European peoples is being sketched. I have a little information for Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples. African peoples including West African peoples are being sketched. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples are being connected. I do not yet have specific details for the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, or late 1770s.
For the late 18th century, Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, and Northeast European peoples is being sketched. I have a little information for Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, and Southeast Asian peoples. African peoples including East African peoples and West African peoples are being connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples are being connected. I do not yet have specific details for the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, or late 1790s.
Western domination of the rest of the world approached its greatest extent. The Anglic peoples began to predominate over all others, as the British empire approached its height, and the United States began to develop into a major power. Latin peoples did not do as well, and many of their colonial empires began to break up. Germanic peoples became more united and were principally influential within Europe. The Northeast European peoples competed in Europe, but the Russian empire began to approach the limits of its expansion as it came into sharper conflict with the Ottoman empire and reached China. Balkan peoples were dominated by the Austrian-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Scandinavian peoples had limited influence. The Asiatic peoples were either conquered outright, or dominated politically or economically where they were not. In the Middle East, the Ottoman empire was increasingly confined to what is now Turkey, and the British, French, and Russians had substantial influence. South Asia came under direct rule by the British. Central Asia was largely partitioned by Russian and Chinese empires. The Orient was dominated politically and economically by western Peoples, but retained its political independence. In Southeast Asia, the French joined the English, Dutch, and Spanish as colonial powers, with only Thailand retaining its independence. Africa was explored and partitioned among European powers. East Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, and Central Africa became a hodgepodge of european colonies. American Indian peoples were thoroughly subjugated. Meso-American Indian peoples and South American Indian peoples were included in the various Hispanic and Portuguese derived nations. The United States and Canada conquered and displaced the North American Indians, as many of them were confined to reservations.
In the early 19th century, Western Civilization among Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, and Northeast European peoples included the Napoleonic wars. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, and Southeast Asian peoples can be considered. African peoples including East African peoples and West African peoples are not yet well connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples are not yet well described. I do not yet have specific developments of the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, or late 1810s.
In the early mid 19th century, Western Civilization including Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, and Northeast European peoples can be considered. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, and Southeast Asian peoples can be connected. African peoples including East African peoples, West African peoples, and Central African peoples can be connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples are not yet well described. I do not yet have specific developments of the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, or late 1830s.
In mid 19th century, Western Civilization including Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, and Northeast European peoples can be considered. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, and Southeast Asian peoples can be considered. African peoples including East African peoples, West African peoples, Southern African peoples, and Central African peoples can be connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples can be considered. I do not yet have specific developments of the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, or late 1850s.
In the late-mid 19th century, Europeans used their technological advantages of railroads, steamships, telegraph communications, and weaponry to assist in their rule. Western Civilization continued to expand. Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, and Northeast European peoples developed. Asiatic peoples were affected by European expansion. Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, and Southeast Asian peoples can be connected. African peoples including East African peoples, West African peoples, Southen African peoples, and Central African peoples can be connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples were being subjugated. I do not yet have specific developments of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, or late 1870s.
In the late 19th century, Western domination reached its greatest extent. Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, and Northeast European peoples agreed to partition Africa. Asian peoples were partly subjugated. Most of the Middle east was under the role of the Ottoman Empire. Most of South Asia was ruled by the British. The Orient was heavily influenced by Western peoples, and most of Southeast Asia was under European rule. African peoples including those of East Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, and Central Africa were being brought under Western rule. American Indian peoples including those of Middle America, South America and North America were mostly conquered and pacified. I do not yet have specific developments of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s.
Western civilization began to lose its dominant position over the rest of the world, though it retained vast cultural influence. Anglic peoples remained influential, although not as dominant politically. The Latin peoples had far less influence. The Germanic peoples lost their overseas posesssions and, in spite of their participation in the two World Wars of the century, struggled to maintain their position. Northeast European peoples were dominated by Communism. The Balkan peoples struggled with the legacy of Ottoman dominance and were also heavily influenced by the struggle between Commonism and the "Free world". Scandinavian peoples advanced culturally along with the rest of Europe. Asian peoples began to regain their political independence. In the Middle East, the Ottoman empire broke up into a collection of states in which Islam was a cultural though not politically unifying influence. South Asian peoples gained their independence, althought there was a substantial British legacy. Central Asia was submerged by the USSR and China. The Orient was divided, as China unified under a Communist government, while most of the remainder of the Orient allied with the Anglic-led Free world. Southeast Asia gained its political independence following the Second World War was defeated. African peoples gained their political independence, but Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Southern African, and Central Africa were politically divided, unstable and poor. American Indian peoples in Meso-america, South America, and North America were generally submerged and forgotten in the westernized nations of the Americas. The early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century have more details on peoples of the world.