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Particular nations are not identical with peoples since many nations contain more than one people and many peoples are spread over more than one nation, However, they do provide useful introductions to the subject. Although Western civilization has been dominant in modern times, it has roots among Asiatic peoples, a diverse group. Although according to current anthropological theory, the African peoples are the oldest of all the peoples of the world, their history was not well recorded until modern times. The American Indian peoples underwent a largely separate development from those of the Old world (Asia, Europe, and Africa) and most of their records have been lost. |
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It should be noted that this section is incomplete and must be taken with some caution. I have begun with the most populous nations of the late 2000s and worked backwards into earlier periods of history. A major weakness of this approach is that peoples that were highly significant and influential in earlier periods have been comparatively neglected in constructing this outline. |
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The historical development of particular nations is not much considered here. Western civilization is difficult to identify in prehistory, and was well behind Asiatic peoples in cultural develoment during antiquity. It developed significantly in classical and medieval times, and expanded worldwide in modern times. Its future has not yet been closely examined. Asiatic peoples were important in prehistory, and had a lead in cultural development in antiquity. They remained prominent in classical and medieval times. Many of them came under European rule in modern times, which left a strong cultural imprint. Their future is unclear. African peoples are little known in prehistory or antiquity, but many of them became better known in classical and medieval times. Most of them came under European rule or influence in modern times. Their future has not yet been examined. American Indian peoples can be identified for prehistoric times and antiquity, and a little is known of them in classical and medieval times. These have been submerged and partly incorporated into Western civilization in modern times. Their future has also not yet been well examined.
Peoples were rather poorly connected with each other. I have few details from Western Civilization. There is more information from Asiatic peoples. The prehistory of African peoples and American Indian peoples has not yet been well examined.
In early prehistory, contributions of early humans and hominids in what are now parts of Western Civilization are obscure. Parts of Asia also seem significant. Modern anthropological theory puts the origin of humankind among African peoples, but the details are obscure. The Americas are thought to have been uninhabited during this period. I do not yet have details of Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, or late Pleistocene times.
Middle prehistory when modern humans had begun to inhabit the earth is more significant. Ice-age peoples in what is now the area associated with Western Civilization can be identified. Asiatic peoples can be distinguished. There is some evidence of African peoples, but this is largely the domain of specialists. American Indian peoples can be distinguished. I do not yet have details for the period beginning 50,000 years ago, the period beginning 40,000 years ago, the period beginning 30,000 years ago, or the period beginning 10,000 years ago.
In late prehistory, the origins of Western civilization are obscure, though the development of agriculture seems to be important. The center of advance appears to have been in among Asiatic peoples in general and the Middle East in particular, though I have slightly more information on South Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples. African peoples are somewhat obscure. The American Indians including the North American Indians developed more or less independently of the rest of the world. I do not yet have details of the early 8th millennium BC, the late 8th millennium BC, the early 7th millennium BC, the late 7th millennium BC, the early 6th millennium BC, or the late 6th millennium BC.
The historical development of particular nations is considered as part of larger groups of peoples. The agricultural revolution began among Western or European peoples, followed by the use of copper, and Bronze age culture. It is believed that speakers of Indo-european languages spread across Europe, and the Iron age began in this period. Among Asiatic peoples, agrarian Bronze age societies and cities developed, and written history began, principally in the Middle East, but also in India and the Orient. Some of African peoples were also influenced by Middle Eastern cultures. American Indian peoples also began to develop civilizations, but less is known of them.
Many of the peoples of Europe progressed from Mesolithic culture to Neolithic culture as farming and new technologies were adopted. [I have not yet examined Balkan or Scandinavian peoples]. Among Asiatic peoples, agricultural civilization had begun and began to spread. I have few details of African peoples. Little is also known of American Indian peoples. I do not yet have details of the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th millennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, or the late 5th millennium BC.
The peoples of Europe principally had Neolithic cultures. Anglic peoples were mostly Neolithic. Among Latin peoples, copper and perhaps bronze working began to be introduced. I know little of Germanic or Northeast European peoples. [I have not yet examined Balkan or Scandinavian peoples of this period.] Among Asiatic peoples, Civilization continued to develop in the Middle East, as bronze age metallurgy, buildings, and cities began to appear. Among South Asian peoples, there were neolithic peoples practicing agriculture and metalworking. Among Oriental peoples, the neolithic peoples of the Yang Shao in China can be considered, as well as some peoples of Japan. I have no direct information about peoples of Southeast Asia. I so far have little information on West African or East African peoples. I also lack information on American Indian peoples including those of South America and North America. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC.
Western civilization was beginning to adopt Bronze age culture, and the Bell/Beaker peoples had a widespread influence. Anglic peoples have some signs of them. Among Latin peoples, there is some evidence of metalworking. I have little information on Germanic or Northeast European peoples. [I do not yet have details of Balkan or Scandinavian peoples]. The known civilizations of antiquity were mostly Asiatic. Various advanced civilizations appeared in the Middle East. Among South Asian peoples the Bronze age Harappan or Indus Vally civilization became prominent. Central Asia is obscure. Among Oriental peoples particularly in China, pottery came into use and the Yang Shao people can be identified. Southeast Asia is obscure. Little is known of African peoples including East African peoples, West African peoples, Southern African, or Central African peoples. American Indian peoples including those of Middle American, South America, and North America are not well known for this period. I do not yet have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC.
With the spread of indo-European speaking peoples, Western civilization can be better identified. Celtic peoples were arriving in the British Isles, Bronze age cultures were beginning in France. I have no details of Germanic peoples, but many of the Indo-european speaking people seem to have originated among what are now Northeast European peoples. Bronze age culture was appearing among Balkan peoples. [I do not yet have details of Scandinavian peoples]. Among Middle Eastern peoples, advanced civilizations struggled for power. Among South Asian peoples, the Harappan civilization collapsed, and was succeeded by what is called an Indo-Aryan synthesis. Among Oriental peoples, the bronze age Shang civilization appeared in China, followed by the western Chou dynasy. I do not yet have information on Southeast Asian peoples. Among African peoples, East African peoples had ties to the Middle East. I do not have many details for West African, South African, or Central African peoples. American Indian peoples including those of Middle America, South America, and North America are also not well known at present. I do not yet have details of the early 2nd millennium BC, the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the mid 2nd millennium BC, the late mid 2nd millennium BC, or the late 2nd millennium BC.
Western civilization in its classical form was beginning. Among the Celtic ancestors of Anglic peoples, Iron age technology can be identified. Among Latin peoples In Italy, the Etruscans ruled Italic-speaking peoples, and tradition dates the founding of Rome to this period. France was known as Gaul and inhabited by Celtic peoples. Germanic peoples seem to have begun migrating into what is now Germany during this period. Among Northeast Europeans, the nomadic Cimmerians and Scythians seem to have been present. Balkan peoples were beginning to become important, but so far I lack details. [I do not yet have details of Scandinavian peoples.] The Middle eastern peoples were dominated by the Achaemen Persian empire. South Asian peoples developed important centers of civilization. Bronze age cultures spread into Central India, and Iron Age culture appears to have begin in Pakistan. Little is known of peoples of Central Asia. Oriental peoples continued to develop bronze age cultures. In China, the eastern Chou flourished, followed by the Warring states period. In Japan, according to legend, the first emperors began to rule. It is believed that bronze working entered Korea, including South Korea. Southeast Asian peoples were relatively obscure. African peoples including East African peoples, West African peoples, Southern African peoples, and Central African peoples are not well known at present. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian and North American Indian peoples are still less well known. The 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, and the 8th century BC can be connected. The 7th century BC can be connected. The 6th century BC can be connected.
Interconnections among the major civilizations of the Old world were fully evident in this period. Anglic peoples appeared in the historical record. Latin peoples came to dominate Europe as the Roman empire became one of the great civilizations of the world, then split and fell into decline, eventually giving rise to a number of European nations. Germanic peoples began to appear in the historical record and became prominent. Northeast European peoples began to appear in the historical record. Balkan peoples were prominent at first but later came under the sway of Latin peoples. Scandinavian peoples appeared in the historical record. Asiatic peoples continued to develop. The Middle eastern nations figure prominently. The South Asian nations of were responsible for important religious developments. Central Asia was also important. The Oriental peoples developed significant civilizations. Little is known of Southeast Asia. Little is known of African peoples including those of Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Central Africa, or Southern Africa. American Indian peoples including some of those of Meso-America and South America developed high civilizations. North America also developed a significant civilization.
Among Anglic peoples, what is now England was inhabited mostly by Celtic peoples. Among Latin peoples, the Roman republic, which became the Roman empire, centered in Italy, grew substantially and began to dominate the Mediterranean region. Germanic peoples first entered the written historical record from Roman sources. I know nothing of Northeast European peoples during this period. Balkan peoples had conquered much of the Middle East, but were in turn conquered and included in the Roman Republic. [I do not yet have details for Scandinavian peoples]. Among Asiatic peoples, The Middle east was in constant struggle and partly submerged in western influence. The Persian empire was defeated by the Greeks under Alexander, and the western half of it was incorporated into the Roman Empire. South Asian peoples were influended by the Greeks to establish the notable Mauryan empire. Central Asian peoples were somewhat influenced by the Persian empire and by the Chinese. Among Oriental peoples, in China, the short lived Qin dynasty was followed by the Han. Confucianism began to become infuential. In Southeast Asia, I have next to no information about any major group of people. African peoples including those of Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Southern Africa, and Central Africa are less familiar. American Indian peoples in Meso America, and South America were developing their classic civilizations, mostly separately from Old world peoples. North American Indians are less well known. The 5th century BC can be connected. The 4th century BC can be connected. The 3rd Century BC can be connected. The 2nd century BC can be connected. The first century BC can be connected.
Western civilization remained in contact with multiple areas of Asiatic peoples. Among Anglic peoples, the Romans had a significant influence. the area known as the United Kingdom was ruled at least in part by the Romans. The Roman peoples conquered most of the Celtic peoples. Gaul, later known as France, was incorported into the Roman empire. The Roman Empire established a new capital in what is now Turkey, adopted Christianity, and split into Eastern and Western halves. The Western portion which included Italy collapsed under invasions from Germanic peoples. The Roman empire interacted with the Germanic peoples and, towards the end of the period, was overrun by them. I know little of Northeast European peoples. [I do not yet have details of Scandinavian peoples]. Among Asiatic peoples there were substantial developments. Among Middle Eastern peoples. The Romans ruled the wasten part while the Parthian, and then the Sassanid Persan empire ruled in the east. Among South Asian peoples, the imperial Gupta dynasty ruled much of India. Among Oriental peoples, the Han dynasty of China broke up, and written history in Japan and Korea began. In Southeast Asia, historical kingdoms can be identified, though some of them are semi-legandary. Among African peoples, In East Africa, the kingdom of Axum in what is now Ethiopia seems to have adopted Christianity. No information is yet available on Western africa, or for central Africa. The history of American Indian peoples including those of Middle America, South America and North America is fairly obscure. The 1st century CE can be connected. The 2nd century CE can be connected. The 3rd century CE can be connected. The 4th century CE can be connected. The 5th century CE can be connected.
In Western Civilization, Anglic peoples developed and became known. Among Germanic peoples, the empire of Charlemagne and his successors was important. Among Latin peoples, In France, the Germanic tribes called the Franks occupied the country, and were part of the empire of Charlemagne. Italy was invaded by numerous peoples and fragmented. Among Northeast European peoples the Kievan state was founded. Balkan peoples were invaded by numerous peoples from Central Asia. [I have no details yet for Scandinavian peoples.] Among Asiatic peoples, in the Middle East, the religion of Islam was founded by Mohammed, and the Omayyad Caliphate followed by the Abbasid Caliphate reduded the Byzantine empire considerably. South Asia absorbed numerous invasions. The Islamic conquest was bitterly resisted. Central Asian peoples were the source of numerous invaders in neighboring regions. Among Oriental peoples the Song dynasty arose and China, and the Japanese people began to accept Buddhism and assert cultural independence from China. In Southeast Asia, Buddhism entered the region. Among African peoples, among Eastern African peoples the Christian kingdom of Axum seems to have declined. I have little information about Western Africa, Southern Africa, or Central Africa. American Indian peoples of MesoAmerica, South America, and North America remained isolated. I do not yet have details for the 6th century, 7th century. The 8th century is connected to nations. The 9th century is connected to nations. The 10th century is connected to nations and to Asiatic peoples including South Asian and Oriental peoples and American Indian peoples.
The various nations of Western civilization had emerged. Anglic peoples had developed what is now the United Kingdom. Among Latin peoples, France was developing as a nation. The Italian Renaissance began late in this period. Among Germanic peoples, The weak and unstable Holy Roman empire had a significant influence in the west. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later gained independence. Balkan peoples were ruled partly by the declining Byzantine empire, but were coming under Turkish rule. [I do not yet have information on Scandinavian peoples]. Among Asiatic peoples, the Mongol peoples from Central Asia invaded all neighboring peoples for a brief period. Among Middle Eastern peoples, The Seljuk Turks and then the Ottoman Turks conquered most of the region, including the Byzantine Empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India, there were invasions by Islamic rulers and desendants of the Mongols, but these left little permanent impact. Oriental peoples were invaded and otherwise influenced by the Mongols. In Southeast Asia, I little information except that the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. Western peoples were beginning to make contact with African peoples; first in Western Africa, Central Africa,and later in Southern Africa. I do not have many details for Eastern Africa. Near the end of this period, the Spanish and Portuguese made contact with the Americas. This is often considered the beginning of the modern era. These largely began with Meso-America. Contacts with South American and North American peoples were slower to develop. This contact initiated the modern era. The 11th century is just barely connected to Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Oriental peoples, and Southeast asian, and American Indian peoples incuding Middle American and North American Indian peoples. For the 12th century Western Civilization is barely connected. Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Central Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples are connected. African peoples are connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples are connected. The 13th century including Western Civilization, with Northeast European peoples, Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Central Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples, African peoples including West African peoples, and American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples can be connected. In the 14th century, there are the beginnings of connection to Western Civilization including Northeast European peoples. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern, South Asian, Central Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples can be connected. African peoples including East African and West African peoples can be connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American peoples can be connected. In the 15th century, I can consider developments in Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, and Northeast European peoples, in Asiatic peoples including South Asian, Central Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples, in African peoples including East African and West African peoples, and in American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian, South American Indian peoples and North American Indian peoples.
In modern times, Western civilization came to dominate all others. Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic Peoples, Northeast European peoples, Balkan peoples, and Scandinavian peoples can be considered. It made numerous contacts with Asiatic peoples including those of the Middle East, South Asian peoples, Central Asian peoples, Oriental peoples, Southeast Asian peoples, and African peoples, including Eastern African peoples, Southern African peoples, and Central African peoples. It entirely dominated and submerged the American Indian including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples. Developments among these various peoples can be followed through the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century.
This includes developments in Western Civilization including Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, Northeast European peoples, Balkan peoples, and Scandinavian peoples. Asiatic peoples including the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, the Orient, and Southeast Asia can be connected. African peoples including those of Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa can be considered. American Indian peoples including those of the Middle American Indians, South American Indians, and North American Indians can also be considered.
Developments in the near future can be considered. Western Civilization including Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, Northeast European peoples, Balkan peoples, and Scandinavian peoples can be connected. Asiatic peoples including the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, the Orient, and Southeast Asia can be considered. African peoples including those of Eastern Africa, Western African, Southern Africa, and Central Africa can be connected. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indians, and North American Indians can be connected. Next month including Western Civilization, Anglic peoples, Latin peoples, Germanic peoples, Northeast European peoples, Balkan peoples, and Scandinavian peoples can be connected. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern peoples, South Asian peoples, Central Asian peoples, the Orient, and Southeast Asia can be connected. African peoples including East African, West African, Southern African, and Central African peoples can be followed. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples can also be considered. December 2009 is being considered. January 2010 has connections to Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples including South Asian and Oriental peoples, and American Indian peoples including Middle american Indians and South American Indiands. Next quarter including February 2010, and March 2010, and next year including the second quarter 2010, third quarter 2020, and fourth quarter 2010 can be considered.
The middle future can be considered. Western Civilization including Anglic, Latin, Germanic, and Northeast European peoples can be considered. Asiatic peoples including Middle Eastern, South Asian, Oriental, and Southeast Asian peoples can be examined. African peoples including East African, West African, and Central African peoples can be followed. American Indian peoples including Middle American Indian peoples, South American Indian peoples, and North American Indian peoples can be connected. The next five years including 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 can be connected. The next 20 years including the late 2010s, early 2020s, late 2020s, early 2030s, and late 2030s, next century, and next 5 centuries, and the far future can possibly be investigated.