Turkey


Turkey is one of the 20 most populous countries in the world. History Some information can be found for prehistory. Evidence of habitation in early prehistory has been found. Material from middle prehistory has been a bit harder to identify. In late prehistory, the site of Catal Huyuk provides evidence of early agriculture. Antiquity In the early 5th millennium, this was mostly inhabited by Neolithic farmers. I do not yet have details of the the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th millennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, and the late 5th millennium BC. By the late 4th Millennium BC, Bronze age metallurgy had entered the area. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC.	Sapience Home Site map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Nations Links to other areas Wikipedia - Turkey CIA World Factbook- Turkey
In the 3rd millennium Indo-European speakers had probably entered the region, and the city later known as Troy was founded. Its written history began in about the I do not have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, or the mid 3rd millennium BC, In the late mid 3rd millennium BC written history began. In the 24th century BC when part of it was annexed by the Akkadian empire. The Hattians were the principal inhabitants. In the late 3rd millennium BC, the Akkadian empire was defeated by the Gutians. In the 2nd Millennium BC, this was largely ruled by the Hittites. In about the early 2nd millennium BC there appears to have been a mass migration into Anatolia. The Old Assyrian empire was also present. In the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the Hittite Old Kingdom emerged. In the mid 2nd millennium BC it was were significant in numerous affairs. In the late mid 2nd millennium the Hittite empire reached its height, but came into in conflict with the Babylonians and Egyptians. The Lydians, or Maeonia, appeared. In the the late 2nd millennium BC, the Hittite empire fell to the "Sea peoples". The Phrygians began to become significant in this period, and the Lydians were also significant. The early first millennium can be connected. In the 10th century BC the Phryrgians and Lydians were significant. In the 9th century BC the Phrygians and Lydians were also significant. In the 8th century BC, the Phrygians were in contact with the Assyrian empire. In the 7th century BC, the Phrygian empire was overthrown by the Cimmerians. In the 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian empire conquered the region. Classical and medieval history In early classical times, It was at first part of the Persian empire, then conquered by the Greeks, and then became part of the Roman empire. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times it remained under Roman rule, and as the Western roman empire crumbled, the peoples adopted Christianity and became the center of what remained of Roman rule. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, the 2nd century CE, the 3rd century CE, the 4th century CE, or the 5th century CE. In early medieval times, it came to be called the Byzantine empire. I lack details of the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, and the 10th century CE. In late medieval times, part of the region was conquered by the Islamicized Sejuk Turks (originally from central Asia), and throughout the period, the Byzantines lost ground while the Turks gained. A group of Turks afterwards known as the Ottomans began to reinvigorate the Turks, and in 1453 finally conquered Constantinople, the last remnant of the Byzantine empire. I lack details of the 11th century, the 12th century, the 13th century, the 14th century, and the 15th century. Modern history I have few events for the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. I have also not yet closely examined the 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. In the 18th century, it began to lose territory. In the early 18th century, it regained part of Greece and defeated Russia, but in the early-mid 18th century, and mid 18th century, there was little progress. In the late-mid 18th century, it was at war with Russia, and in the late 18th century, lost territory to Russia, and failed to stop the French in Egypt and Syria. During the 19th century, it was clearly in decline. In the early 19th century, it lost territory to Russia and faced revolt in the Balkans, though it reasserted control over Egypt. In the early-mid 19th century, it lost Greece, and a Russian invasion stopped just short of Constantinople, while the son of its commander in Egypt was attempting to estabilish his own rule. In the mid 19th century, it was allied with Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, while continuing to lose its hold over the Balkans. In the late-mid 19th century, it continued to lose territory in the Balkans, and in the late 19th century, still continued to lose territory, as well as beginning to face internal rebellion. Its 20th century history is not entirely clear. In the early 20th century, the Ottoman empire was defeated in World War I. I lack specific details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. A nationalist movement in the early-mid 20th century maintained the unity and independence of the central part of the Ottoman Empire as Turkey. I lack specific details of the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 1930s. In the mid-20th century, Turkey joined the allies against the German-led Axis, but was slow to develop economically. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s In the late-mid 20th century it seems to have been mostly occupied with internal and regional developments, though developments of the early 1960s and late 1960s are not yet described. In the early 1970s (1971) its government was again subject to a military coup, and in 1974, it intervened militarily in Cyprus. In the late 1970s there was another military coup (1980). In the late 20th century it seems to have been mostly occupied with internal and regional developments. Details of the early 1980s, late 1980s, and early 1990s are missing. In the late 1990s, its government was again subject to a military coup, but I do not have speciric details for 1996, 1997, 1997, 1999, or 2000 For the early 21st century, details of the early 2000s down to 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2005, and the late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter including July and August will be developed. September 11 Sept. Turkish police foiled a bomb attack in Ankara. 19 Sept. Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan called for a change to the country's Constitution to end the ban on the wearing of headscarves in universities. 22 Sept. Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan condemned US support of the PKK terrorist group, which was behind attacks on Turkish forces. During the fourth quarter, there were conflicts with Kurds in Iraq, both in Turkey and in Iraq. October 11 Oct. An AMC Airlines MD-83 made an emergency belly landing at the Atatürk International Airport, overshooting the runway. There was one injury, and the plane was badly damaged. 11 Oct. Turkey recalled its ambassador to the United States due to anger over an upcoming House of Representatives vote on recognizing the Armenian Genocide. 17 Oct. 2007 Turkish offensive on Iraqi territories against Kurdish rebels: The Turkish Grand National Assembly approved a government request for their troops to cross the Iraqi border to attack Kurdish rebels. 21 Oct. Kurdistan Workers Party militants killed at least 12 Turkish soldiers and wounded 11 others on Sunday in a cross-border attack in mountains near the Iraqi border, security sources said. 21 Oct. Turkish people voted in favor of a constitutional referendum on electoral reform with a 69% majority. 22 Oct. The Kurdistan Workers Party declared a unilateral ceasefire following an attack on Turkish forces. 24 Oct. Turkey-PKK conflict Reuters reported that Turkish forces launched an attack on Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) positions in northern Iraq earlier in the week killing 34 PKK fighters. Turkish warplanes attacked a village near Shiranish Islam in Kurdistan. 28 Oct. The Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert apologized to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan for possibly violating Turkish airspace. November 13 Nov. Turkish helicopters bombed several Kurdistan Workers Party positions in northern Iraq. 16 Nov. Turkish prosecutors asked the Constitutional Court to ban the Kurdish Democratic Society Party, claiming it has links to the outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party. 30 Nov. The wreckage of Atlasjet Flight 4203 carrying 56 passengers and crew was found in central Turkey with no survivors. December 1 Dec. Turkey claimed that it had attacked PKK positions in Iraq, inflicting significant losses. Events of 2008 including those of the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be considered. Events of 2009 including the first quarter and second quarter can be considered. The third quarter 2009 includes events of July, August, September, and October 2009. Events of 2010 can be considered. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 can be considered. Events of the second quarter 2010 can be connected. The future including the near future down to next month with events of October 2009 and November 2009, next quarter, next year, the middle future, and the far future is obscure. Other Sociology Connections with other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are significant in considering Turkey Other peoples Turkey is connected to various other nations. [Most recently Thailand France, UK, Italy, South Korea]. It belongs to Asiatic civilization along with Iran. It belongs particularly Middle Eastern peoples. The bulk of Turkey is on the peninsula called Asia Minor, and is the home of the Anatolian poeples. Egypt has been closely connected. There are connections with Levantine and Mesopotamian peoples, Persian peoples, North African peoples, Egyptian, and Arabian peoples. There are also connections with Central Asia including some peoples of China. There are also connections to South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and less directly with the Orient including China and Japan and Southeast asia including Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Connections with Western civilization including nations such as Germany are significant. There is a long history of conflict with Northeast European peoples such as those in Russia.Latin peoples such as those of Brazil and Mexico are also significant. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States are important. Connections with African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) are also useful. Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria are not strongly connected. There is less of a connection with American Indian peoples including peoples of the United States, Brazil, Mexico. Major cities and other important communities are not yet listed, except for one: Istanbul Social structure and change Social change including social change factors can be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be considered. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian society, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected. Institutions Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is important. Particular traditions are Abrahamic, principally Islamic but also Dhristian and Judaic, secularist, and formerly pagan, with a little bit of Asiatic religion. Government is highly significant, not only to it but to neighboring regions in all periods of history. Particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be considered. Economics with economic activities, industries, and economic systems is also important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be useful. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be considered. Anthropology Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography and Asian geography can be connected. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and environmental effects on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be connected. Applications of Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography may not be useful for some time. Paul worked and preached here. Science will be useful in exaining this nation. Physics, chemistry, and astronomy are not as well connected as earth science and biology.

Turkey is one of the 20 most populous countries in the world.

History

Some information can be found for prehistory. Evidence of habitation in early prehistory has been found. Material from middle prehistory has been a bit harder to identify. In late prehistory, the site of Catal Huyuk provides evidence of early agriculture.

Antiquity

In the early 5th millennium, this was mostly inhabited by Neolithic farmers. I do not yet have details of the the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th millennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, and the late 5th millennium BC. By the late 4th Millennium BC, Bronze age metallurgy had entered the area. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC.

In the 3rd millennium Indo-European speakers had probably entered the region, and the city later known as Troy was founded. Its written history began in about the I do not have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, or the mid 3rd millennium BC, In the late mid 3rd millennium BC written history began. In the 24th century BC when part of it was annexed by the Akkadian empire. The Hattians were the principal inhabitants. In the late 3rd millennium BC, the Akkadian empire was defeated by the Gutians. In the 2nd Millennium BC, this was largely ruled by the Hittites. In about the early 2nd millennium BC there appears to have been a mass migration into Anatolia. The Old Assyrian empire was also present. In the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the Hittite Old Kingdom emerged. In the mid 2nd millennium BC it was were significant in numerous affairs. In the late mid 2nd millennium the Hittite empire reached its height, but came into in conflict with the Babylonians and Egyptians. The Lydians, or Maeonia, appeared. In the the late 2nd millennium BC, the Hittite empire fell to the "Sea peoples". The Phrygians began to become significant in this period, and the Lydians were also significant. The early first millennium can be connected. In the 10th century BC the Phryrgians and Lydians were significant. In the 9th century BC the Phrygians and Lydians were also significant. In the 8th century BC, the Phrygians were in contact with the Assyrian empire. In the 7th century BC, the Phrygian empire was overthrown by the Cimmerians. In the 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian empire conquered the region.

Classical and medieval history

In early classical times, It was at first part of the Persian empire, then conquered by the Greeks, and then became part of the Roman empire. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times it remained under Roman rule, and as the Western roman empire crumbled, the peoples adopted Christianity and became the center of what remained of Roman rule. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, the 2nd century CE, the 3rd century CE, the 4th century CE, or the 5th century CE. In early medieval times, it came to be called the Byzantine empire. I lack details of the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, and the 10th century CE. In late medieval times, part of the region was conquered by the Islamicized Sejuk Turks (originally from central Asia), and throughout the period, the Byzantines lost ground while the Turks gained. A group of Turks afterwards known as the Ottomans began to reinvigorate the Turks, and in 1453 finally conquered Constantinople, the last remnant of the Byzantine empire. I lack details of the 11th century, the 12th century, the 13th century, the 14th century, and the 15th century.

Modern history

I have few events for the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. I have also not yet closely examined the 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. In the 18th century, it began to lose territory. In the early 18th century, it regained part of Greece and defeated Russia, but in the early-mid 18th century, and mid 18th century, there was little progress. In the late-mid 18th century, it was at war with Russia, and in the late 18th century, lost territory to Russia, and failed to stop the French in Egypt and Syria.

During the 19th century, it was clearly in decline. In the early 19th century, it lost territory to Russia and faced revolt in the Balkans, though it reasserted control over Egypt. In the early-mid 19th century, it lost Greece, and a Russian invasion stopped just short of Constantinople, while the son of its commander in Egypt was attempting to estabilish his own rule. In the mid 19th century, it was allied with Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, while continuing to lose its hold over the Balkans. In the late-mid 19th century, it continued to lose territory in the Balkans, and in the late 19th century, still continued to lose territory, as well as beginning to face internal rebellion.

Its 20th century history is not entirely clear. In the early 20th century, the Ottoman empire was defeated in World War I. I lack specific details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s.

A nationalist movement in the early-mid 20th century maintained the unity and independence of the central part of the Ottoman Empire as Turkey. I lack specific details of the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 1930s.

In the mid-20th century, Turkey joined the allies against the German-led Axis, but was slow to develop economically. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s

In the late-mid 20th century it seems to have been mostly occupied with internal and regional developments, though developments of the early 1960s and late 1960s are not yet described. In the early 1970s (1971) its government was again subject to a military coup, and in 1974, it intervened militarily in Cyprus. In the late 1970s there was another military coup (1980).

In the late 20th century it seems to have been mostly occupied with internal and regional developments. Details of the early 1980s, late 1980s, and early 1990s are missing. In the late 1990s, its government was again subject to a military coup, but I do not have speciric details for 1996, 1997, 1997, 1999, or 2000

For the early 21st century, details of the early 2000s down to 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2005, and the late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter including July and August will be developed.

September

11 Sept. Turkish police foiled a bomb attack in Ankara.

19 Sept. Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan called for a change to the country's Constitution to end the ban on the wearing of headscarves in universities.

22 Sept. Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan condemned US support of the PKK terrorist group, which was behind attacks on Turkish forces.

During the fourth quarter, there were conflicts with Kurds in Iraq, both in Turkey and in Iraq.

October

11 Oct. An AMC Airlines MD-83 made an emergency belly landing at the Atatürk International Airport, overshooting the runway. There was one injury, and the plane was badly damaged.

11 Oct. Turkey recalled its ambassador to the United States due to anger over an upcoming House of Representatives vote on recognizing the Armenian Genocide.

17 Oct. 2007 Turkish offensive on Iraqi territories against Kurdish rebels: The Turkish Grand National Assembly approved a government request for their troops to cross the Iraqi border to attack Kurdish rebels.

21 Oct. Kurdistan Workers Party militants killed at least 12 Turkish soldiers and wounded 11 others on Sunday in a cross-border attack in mountains near the Iraqi border, security sources said.

21 Oct. Turkish people voted in favor of a constitutional referendum on electoral reform with a 69% majority.

22 Oct. The Kurdistan Workers Party declared a unilateral ceasefire following an attack on Turkish forces.

24 Oct. Turkey-PKK conflict Reuters reported that Turkish forces launched an attack on Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) positions in northern Iraq earlier in the week killing 34 PKK fighters. Turkish warplanes attacked a village near Shiranish Islam in Kurdistan.

28 Oct. The Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert apologized to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan for possibly violating Turkish airspace.

November

13 Nov. Turkish helicopters bombed several Kurdistan Workers Party positions in northern Iraq.

16 Nov. Turkish prosecutors asked the Constitutional Court to ban the Kurdish Democratic Society Party, claiming it has links to the outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party.

30 Nov. The wreckage of Atlasjet Flight 4203 carrying 56 passengers and crew was found in central Turkey with no survivors.

December

1 Dec. Turkey claimed that it had attacked PKK positions in Iraq, inflicting significant losses. Events of 2008 including those of the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be considered.

Events of 2009 including the first quarter and second quarter can be considered. The third quarter 2009 includes events of July, August, September, and October 2009.

Events of 2010 can be considered. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 can be considered. Events of the second quarter 2010 can be connected.

The future including the near future down to next month with events of October 2009 and November 2009, next quarter, next year, the middle future, and the far future is obscure.

Other Sociology

Connections with other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are significant in considering Turkey

Other peoples

Turkey is connected to various other nations. [Most recently Thailand France, UK, Italy, South Korea]. It belongs to Asiatic civilization along with Iran. It belongs particularly Middle Eastern peoples. The bulk of Turkey is on the peninsula called Asia Minor, and is the home of the Anatolian poeples. Egypt has been closely connected. There are connections with Levantine and Mesopotamian peoples, Persian peoples, North African peoples, Egyptian, and Arabian peoples. There are also connections with Central Asia including some peoples of China. There are also connections to South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and less directly with the Orient including China and Japan and Southeast asia including Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Connections with Western civilization including nations such as Germany are significant. There is a long history of conflict with Northeast European peoples such as those in Russia.Latin peoples such as those of Brazil and Mexico are also significant. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States are important.

Connections with African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) are also useful. Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria are not strongly connected. There is less of a connection with American Indian peoples including peoples of the United States, Brazil, Mexico.

Major cities and other important communities are not yet listed, except for one:

Istanbul

Social structure and change

Social change including social change factors can be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be considered. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected.

Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian society, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is important. Particular traditions are Abrahamic, principally Islamic but also Dhristian and Judaic, secularist, and formerly pagan, with a little bit of Asiatic religion. Government is highly significant, not only to it but to neighboring regions in all periods of history. Particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be considered. Economics with economic activities, industries, and economic systems is also important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be useful. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be considered.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography and Asian geography can be connected. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and environmental effects on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be connected.

Applications of Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography may not be useful for some time. Paul worked and preached here.

Science will be useful in exaining this nation. Physics, chemistry, and astronomy are not as well connected as earth science and biology.