Sudan


Sudan is one of the 30 most populous countries in the world. History The prehistory of Sudan has not been well investigated. It is better known from antiquity, when it was closely connected to Egypt. Classical and medieval times and modern times can also be examined. Prehistory Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene periods can be connected. Middle prehistory including the period beginning 50,000 years ago, the period beginning 40,000 years ago, the period beginning 30,000 years ago, and the period beginning 20,000 years ago can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected. Antiquity In the 5th millennium BC, the people of what is now Sudan had a Neolithic culture. Details of the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th milennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, and the late 5th millennium BC are not yet present.	Sapience Home Site map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Nations Links to other Sites CIA World Factbook - Sudan Wikipedia- Sudan Wikipedia- History of Sudan
In the 4th millennium BC, Neolithic culture continued. The early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, and the late 4th millennium BC can be connected. In the 3rd millennium BC this region was known as Cush, and was closely tied to and largely dominated by Egypt. The early 3rd millennium BC the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, and the late 3rd millennium BC can be considered. The 2nd Millennium BC can be connected. In the early 2nd millennium BC, Egyptians dominated the region. In the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the Egyptian kingdom was defeated by the Hyksos, and a native kingdom arose. In the mid 2nd millennium BC, Egyptian power revived under the New Kingdom, and in the late mid 2nd millennium BC, Cush was ruled by Egypts. In the late 2nd millennium BC, the power of the New Kingdom waned, but there is little specific information about Cush. The early first millennium BC can be connected. I have no details of the 10th century BC or 9th century BC. In the 8th century BC, an independent Kushite kingdom centered at Napata arose to rule Egypt. In the 7th century BC, this kingdom was defeated by the Assyrians, and surrendered control of Egypt. In the 6th century BC, Egyptians defeated the Kushites and sacked Napata, but the Kushites moved their capital to Meroe and continued to rule. Classical and medieval history In early classical times, the kingdom of Meroe, which was heavily influenced by Egypt, occupied most of the region. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4h century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times, it was partly occupied by the Nabatae and the kingdom of Axum. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE. In early medieval times, it was first Christianized, and then conquered by Islam. I do not yet have details of the 6th century CE, 7th century CE, 8th century CE, 9th century CE, or 10th century CE. In late medieval times, it was largely Islamic. I do not yet have details of the 11th century CE, the 12th century CE, the 13th century CE, the 14th century CE, or the 15th century CE. Modern history The 16th century is somewhat obscure. I do not yet have details on the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. In the 17th century, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar was important. I lack details of the the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, or late 17th century. During the 18th century, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar was important. I lack details of the early 18th century, early-mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18h century, and late 18th century. By the 19th century, it was being explored by European explorers. I do not yet have details on the early 19th century, or early-mid 19th century. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected. 20th century In the early 20th century, it was ruled by the British as two separate colonies. I do not yet have details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. In the early-mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s British rule in the south became more effective. In the mid 20th century, the British united its two colonies and granted them independence as a single nation, but civil war between the north and south broke out almost immediately. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s. In the late-mid 20th century, its govenment was unstable, but the civil war was brought to an end. I do not yet have details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, or late 1970s. In the late 20th century, civil war again broke out. I do not have much information on the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, Saqid al Mahdi headed various governing coalitions. 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. In the early 1990s Umar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir was the leader of Sudan. 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. In the late 1990s al Bashir seems to have contined to lead Sudan 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected. In the early 21st century, warfare continues, with much conflict centered in the western region of Darfur. Neighboring Chad and Ethiopia also became involved. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be discussed. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter to July, August, and September have recent events. The fourth quarter including October, November, and December also has recent events. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter can be considered. 2009 can be connected. Events of 2010 can be connected. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 and the second quarter 2010 can be connected. The third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including events of October 2010, and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including events of 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 can be connected. 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2 2 January 2011 International mediators proposed the establishment of a regional authority for Darfur, as a compromise between the Sudanese government and rebels’ demands, in a diplomatic effort to respond to Sudanese President Bashir’s order last week to withdraw the Sudanese government delegation from talks in Doha. 3 January 2011 Sudanese soldiers killed one woman and raped six others near Attash Camp in South Darfur. 4 January 2011 Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir went to Juba to meet with Southern Sudanese President of the Government Salva Kiir Mayardit ahead of Southern Sudan's independence referendum. 6 January 2011 An abducted Hungarian civilian, who worked for the UN-African Union peacekeeping mission in Sudan's Darfur region, was released. 6 January 2011 Observers prepared to use geostationary satellites to prevent harassment in the run-up to the referendum on independence for South Sudan, by monitoring for voter intimidation, damage to property and other violence. 7 January 2011The United Nations said thousands of people are arriving in Southern Sudan from north Sudan ahead of the independence referendum on Sunday. 8 January 2011 Several people were killed in clashes with security forces in Southern Sudan, a day before the independence referendum. 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected. March 2011 including 2011 week 10, 2011 week 11, 2011 week 12, 2011 week 13, and 2011 week 14 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 including July 2011 can be connected. Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure. Other Sociology Other Peoples of the world Other nations [Some that may be connected include Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal] Sudan belongs to African peoples along with South Africa particularly East African peoples along with Ethiopia. West African peoples including Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo DR can be connected. Connections to Western Civilization including Argentina can be made. Anglic peoples including the United Kingdom can be connected. Anglo-American peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. Latin peoples including Colombia can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Ukraine can be connected. Russia can be connected. Asiatic peoples including those of Burma can be connected. Middle Eastern peoples including those of Iran can be connected. Egypt can be connected. Turkey can be connected. South Asian peoples including those of Bangladesh can be connected. India can be connected. Pakistan can be connected. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Thailand can be connected. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam can be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including the Philippines can be connected. Indonesia can be connected. Oriental peoples including those of South Korea can be considered. China can be connected. Japan can be connected. American Indian peoples such as those found in Argentina can also be considered. Middle American peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Southwest American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be connected. North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. South American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Communities Connections of are not yet clear. Social structure and change Social change including social change processes can be considered. Particular changes and movements including the agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected. Institutions Religion including religious beliefs, practices, and religious organization is not clear at present. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, pagan religion, secularism, Asiatic religion can be connected. Government including particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be connected. Economics including economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be connected. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainmen, occupations, and customs can be connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, bulding technology, and industrial technology can be connected. Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be useful. Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including African geography can be connected. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and environmental effects on people can be connected. Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography may be slow to develop. More information on applications and connections with science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology will be included as the site develops.

Sudan is one of the 30 most populous countries in the world.

History

The prehistory of Sudan has not been well investigated. It is better known from antiquity, when it was closely connected to Egypt. Classical and medieval times and modern times can also be examined.

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene periods can be connected. Middle prehistory including the period beginning 50,000 years ago, the period beginning 40,000 years ago, the period beginning 30,000 years ago, and the period beginning 20,000 years ago can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Antiquity

In the 5th millennium BC, the people of what is now Sudan had a Neolithic culture. Details of the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th milennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, and the late 5th millennium BC are not yet present.

In the 4th millennium BC, Neolithic culture continued. The early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, and the late 4th millennium BC can be connected. In the 3rd millennium BC this region was known as Cush, and was closely tied to and largely dominated by Egypt. The early 3rd millennium BC the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, and the late 3rd millennium BC can be considered. The 2nd Millennium BC can be connected. In the early 2nd millennium BC, Egyptians dominated the region. In the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the Egyptian kingdom was defeated by the Hyksos, and a native kingdom arose. In the mid 2nd millennium BC, Egyptian power revived under the New Kingdom, and in the late mid 2nd millennium BC, Cush was ruled by Egypts. In the late 2nd millennium BC, the power of the New Kingdom waned, but there is little specific information about Cush. The early first millennium BC can be connected. I have no details of the 10th century BC or 9th century BC. In the 8th century BC, an independent Kushite kingdom centered at Napata arose to rule Egypt. In the 7th century BC, this kingdom was defeated by the Assyrians, and surrendered control of Egypt. In the 6th century BC, Egyptians defeated the Kushites and sacked Napata, but the Kushites moved their capital to Meroe and continued to rule.

Classical and medieval history

In early classical times, the kingdom of Meroe, which was heavily influenced by Egypt, occupied most of the region. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4h century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times, it was partly occupied by the Nabatae and the kingdom of Axum. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE. In early medieval times, it was first Christianized, and then conquered by Islam. I do not yet have details of the 6th century CE, 7th century CE, 8th century CE, 9th century CE, or 10th century CE. In late medieval times, it was largely Islamic. I do not yet have details of the 11th century CE, the 12th century CE, the 13th century CE, the 14th century CE, or the 15th century CE.

Modern history

The 16th century is somewhat obscure. I do not yet have details on the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. In the 17th century, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar was important. I lack details of the the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, or late 17th century. During the 18th century, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar was important. I lack details of the early 18th century, early-mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18h century, and late 18th century.

By the 19th century, it was being explored by European explorers. I do not yet have details on the early 19th century, or early-mid 19th century. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected.

20th century

In the early 20th century, it was ruled by the British as two separate colonies. I do not yet have details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. In the early-mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s British rule in the south became more effective. In the mid 20th century, the British united its two colonies and granted them independence as a single nation, but civil war between the north and south broke out almost immediately. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s. In the late-mid 20th century, its govenment was unstable, but the civil war was brought to an end. I do not yet have details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, or late 1970s.

In the late 20th century, civil war again broke out. I do not have much information on the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, Saqid al Mahdi headed various governing coalitions. 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. In the early 1990s Umar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir was the leader of Sudan. 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. In the late 1990s al Bashir seems to have contined to lead Sudan 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected.

In the early 21st century, warfare continues, with much conflict centered in the western region of Darfur. Neighboring Chad and Ethiopia also became involved.

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be discussed.

The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter to July, August, and September have recent events. The fourth quarter including October, November, and December also has recent events. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter can be considered. 2009 can be connected.

Events of 2010 can be connected. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 and the second quarter 2010 can be connected. The third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including events of October 2010, and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including events of 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 can be connected. 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2

2 January 2011 International mediators proposed the establishment of a regional authority for Darfur, as a compromise between the Sudanese government and rebels’ demands, in a diplomatic effort to respond to Sudanese President Bashir’s order last week to withdraw the Sudanese government delegation from talks in Doha.

3 January 2011 Sudanese soldiers killed one woman and raped six others near Attash Camp in South Darfur.

4 January 2011 Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir went to Juba to meet with Southern Sudanese President of the Government Salva Kiir Mayardit ahead of Southern Sudan's independence referendum.

6 January 2011 An abducted Hungarian civilian, who worked for the UN-African Union peacekeeping mission in Sudan's Darfur region, was released.

6 January 2011 Observers prepared to use geostationary satellites to prevent harassment in the run-up to the referendum on independence for South Sudan, by monitoring for voter intimidation, damage to property and other violence.

7 January 2011The United Nations said thousands of people are arriving in Southern Sudan from north Sudan ahead of the independence referendum on Sunday.

8 January 2011 Several people were killed in clashes with security forces in Southern Sudan, a day before the independence referendum.

2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected. March 2011 including 2011 week 10, 2011 week 11, 2011 week 12, 2011 week 13, and 2011 week 14 can be connected.

The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected.

The third quarter 2011 including July 2011 can be connected.

Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure.

Other Sociology

Other Peoples of the world

Other nations

[Some that may be connected include Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal]

Sudan belongs to African peoples along with South Africa particularly East African peoples along with Ethiopia. West African peoples including Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo DR can be connected.

Connections to Western Civilization including Argentina can be made. Anglic peoples including the United Kingdom can be connected. Anglo-American peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. Latin peoples including Colombia can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Ukraine can be connected. Russia can be connected.

Asiatic peoples including those of Burma can be connected. Middle Eastern peoples including those of Iran can be connected. Egypt can be connected. Turkey can be connected. South Asian peoples including those of Bangladesh can be connected. India can be connected. Pakistan can be connected. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Thailand can be connected. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam can be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including the Philippines can be connected. Indonesia can be connected. Oriental peoples including those of South Korea can be considered. China can be connected. Japan can be connected.

American Indian peoples such as those found in Argentina can also be considered. Middle American peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Southwest American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be connected. North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. South American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be connected.

Communities

Connections of are not yet clear.

Social structure and change

Social change including social change processes can be considered. Particular changes and movements including the agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected.

Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including religious beliefs, practices, and religious organization is not clear at present. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, pagan religion, secularism, Asiatic religion can be connected. Government including particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be connected. Economics including economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be connected. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainmen, occupations, and customs can be connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, bulding technology, and industrial technology can be connected.

Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be useful. Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including African geography can be connected. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and environmental effects on people can be connected.

Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography may be slow to develop.

More information on applications and connections with science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology will be included as the site develops.