Germany


Germany is one of the 20 most populous nations in the world.	Sapience Home Site map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Nations Links to other Sites CIA World Factbook - Germany Wikipedia - Germany
History Prehistory is obscure. Although the region was inhabited in early prehistory, and by modern humans in middle prehistory, and by neolithic communities in late prehistory, these cannot be clearly connected to modern German peoples.	Links to other Sites Wikipedia - History of Germany
Almost nothing is known of the German peoples in antiquity. The 5th millenium, the 4th millennium, the 3rd millennium, and the 2nd millennium are unknown. They may have become distinguished from other Indo-European speaking peoples in the early 1st millennium BC, but even this much is uncertain. More information is included in classical and medieval times. In early classical times, the German peoples, a group of tribes, appeared in history when they attacked the Roman empire. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times, they began to overrrun the Western Roman empire, and groups known as the Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Vandals, Franks, Jutes, and Burgundians) imposed their own rule in place of the Roman. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, the 2nd century, 3rd century, 4th century, or 5th century. In early medieval times, the Germanic empire of Charlemagne was briefly successful, but split into the West Franks (in France), and the East Franks (in what is now Germany), where they organized the Holy Roman Empire. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, the 7th century, the 8th century, 9th century, or 10th century. In Late medieval times, this loose and unstable empire was the principal government. I do not yet have details of the 11th century or 12th century. In the 13th century, Frederick II was among the strongest of the Holy Roman emperors, but struggled with the Catholic church and upon his death, the Hohenstaufen dynasty ended. In the 14th century the Holy Roman empire was weakening and was afficted by the plague, known as the Black Death. In the 15th century, the Habsburg family gained control of the Imperial throne. Modern history is a bit easier to follow. The 16th century was full of conflict as the seat of the Protestant Reformation. In the 17th century, the last of the major European wars of religion was fought. In the early 17th century, most of Germany was under control of the Holy Roman Empire centered in Austria, and was part protestant in part catholic. The Thirty years war began in this period. In the early-mid 17th century, all of Germany was ravaged by the 30 years war. In the mid 17th century, this was finally brought to an end. In the late-mid 17th century, and the late 17th century, Austria was fighting the French on the west and the Ottoman empire on the east. In the 18th century, parts of it were significant military powers. In the early 18th century, Austria was victorious in the War of Spanish Succession and in fighting against the Ottoman empire, while the state of Brandenburg was merging with Prussia. In the early-mid 18th century, both were trying for position. In the mid 18th century, Prussia and Austria collided in the War of the Austrian Succession, then again in the Seven Years War. In the late-mid 18th century and late 18th centuries, Prussia expanded by absorbing part of Poland, while Austria was engaged in reform movements. In the 19th century, Germany was being unified in a modern state. In the early 19th century, part of it was Prussia, which had been defeated by Napoleon, part of it was under the rule of Austria, and part of it was a patchwork of small states. In the early-mid 19th Century, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and in Austria, the last Holy Roman Emperor died. In the mid-19th century, various revolutions broke out in Germany, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. In the late-mid 19th century, Prussia defeated Austria and France and proclaimed a German empire. In the late 19th century, Germany joined in the movement to partition Africa. It has been important in the 20th century. In the early 20th century, it became one of the major belligerents of World War I, and a humiliating armistice was forced on it. I do not yet have specific detail on the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. In the early-mid 20th century, it began to redevelop and provoked anther and greater World War. I have little information on the early 1920s, late 1920s. In the early 1930s, it was suffering severely in the Great Depression. By the late 1930s, it had come under the rule of Adolf Hitler, began rearming, and provoked world War II. The mid 20th century was highly eventful. In the early 1940s, it was initially successful in the war, but was defeated in 1945. In the late 1940s, it was occupied by the US, British, French, and USSR, and divided between the liberal democratic West Germany and the Communist ruled East Germany. Berlin, in East Germay, was likewise divided between a western-controlled part and an eastern-controlled part. In the early 1950s, West Germany enjoyed a swift economic recovery, while East Germany closed its borders in an attempt to prevent emigration. In the late 1950s, West Germany was a founding member of the European community, while East Gemany was dependent on the USSR. In the late-mid 20th century, the division of Germany was a major concern of the Cold War. In the early 1960s, East Germany build a wall in Berlin to restrict emigration from that part of the city, and the Berlin Wall became an important symbol of the Cold War. In the late 1960s, the two countries remained rivals. In the early 1970s, there was a thawing of relations, which continued in the late 1970s. In the late 20th century, I lack solid information on developments. In the early 1980s, Germany remained divided. In the late 1980s, a liberalization movement in the USSR led to a similar liberalization in East Germany, the Berlin wall was torn down, and the country reunited under the authority of the West German government. In the early 1990s, Germany was occupied with the reconstruction of the former East Germany. I do not yet have details of 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, or 1995. In the late 1990s, Germany contined to be concerned with the reconstruction fo the former East Germany, but I do not yet have dtails of 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000. Current events are being examined in the early 21st century. I have no details on the early 2000s through 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, but the late 2000s including events of 2006 and 2007 including the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter down to July, August, and September, and the 4th quarter down to October, November, and December are being examined. Events of 2008 including the first quarter can be examined. The second quarter including April, May, and June can also be examined. The third quarter including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be considered. Its future including the near future with next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and far future is obscure.
Other Sociology The investigation of Germany requires connection with other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change. Other peoples of the world Germany is connected to various other nations, which are listed below under the peoples they belong to, [most recently Congo (DR), Thailand, France, the UK, Italy and South Korea]. It is considered to belong to Western civilization along with nations such as , and Mexico. It is more specifically associated with the germanic peoples. There are connections with anglic peoples such as those of the United States, Latin peoples such as those of Brazil; Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia, Balkan, and Scandinavian peoples also.
Likewise, there are connections with Asiatic peoples such as those of Turkey and Iran. These include Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Egypt. There are possible connections with South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangaldesh. There are some connections with Oriental peoples including China and Japan, some with Southeast Asian peoples such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam, and Central Asian peoples including those in parts of China. There are also connections to African peoples such as those of Nigeria and Ethiopia and American Indian peoples such as are found in the United States. Communities Major cities and other important communities are not yet listed. Social structure and change can be considered. Social change including social change factors and social processes may also be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be considered. Social types may have included hunting and gathering peoples in the distant past, but horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types are best known. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and regional and community structure will be considered in more detail as these topics are better developed. Institutions Religion has also been highly important. Germany has had a complex religious tradition, It was original pagan but was converted to Abrahamic religion, principally Christian but including Judaism as a minority and Islam as a smaller minority. Asiatic religion has not been highly important. It has become largely secular. Religious organization, practice, and beliefs can be connected. Government is also important. Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. government structure, and law are highly important. Economics including activities, industry, and economic systems is important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are useful. c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as "Holy Roman Emperor" c. 1455 Gutenberg develops a movable-type printing press and publishes the Bible. 1517 Luther's criticism of Catholic practice begins Protestant Reformation. 1799-1815 CE. Napoleon becomes emperor of France and attempts to conquer Europe, but is defeated. Numerous colonies in other parts of the world change posession. c. 1880 Partitioning of Africa c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world. c. 1930s CE. Great Depression, principally in the United States and Europe. c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan. c. 1938 - c. 1945 Physicists including Einstein warn the United States government of the possibility that Germany could develop nuclear weaponry. Fermi heads the Manhattan project which demonstrates controlled nuclear fission and develops an atomic bomb. c. 1945 - 1953 Stalin establishes USSR as a major world power, and begins a largely ideological struggle with the United States and allies known as the "Cold War" c. 1960 - 1963. Kennedy is elected US President, and leads the US in various Cold War incidents and conflicts. 1989 "Velvet revolution", comparatively nonviolent collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe, symbolized by removal of Berlin wall. 1998 Schroeder is elected Chancellor of Germany. 2002 Schroeder reelected as Chancellor of Germany. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy has been profoundly important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technoloy, and other artifacts, has been influential. Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology can be applied. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography is principally useful for European geography, but neighboring areas are also important. Germany has an estimated total area of 357,021 km². Particular groups can be connected. Personal studies including the human body will be applicable to studies of Germany. Psychology including behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavior patterns. developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography will be applicable. Connections with science will be made as the site develops. These include connections to physics, chemistry, astronomy, and more importantly, earth science and biology.

Germany is one of the 20 most populous nations in the world.

History

Prehistory is obscure. Although the region was inhabited in early prehistory, and by modern humans in middle prehistory, and by neolithic communities in late prehistory, these cannot be clearly connected to modern German peoples.

Links to other Sites
Wikipedia - History of Germany

Almost nothing is known of the German peoples in antiquity. The 5th millenium, the 4th millennium, the 3rd millennium, and the 2nd millennium are unknown. They may have become distinguished from other Indo-European speaking peoples in the early 1st millennium BC, but even this much is uncertain.

More information is included in classical and medieval times. In early classical times, the German peoples, a group of tribes, appeared in history when they attacked the Roman empire. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. In late classical times, they began to overrrun the Western Roman empire, and groups known as the Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Vandals, Franks, Jutes, and Burgundians) imposed their own rule in place of the Roman. I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, the 2nd century, 3rd century, 4th century, or 5th century. In early medieval times, the Germanic empire of Charlemagne was briefly successful, but split into the West Franks (in France), and the East Franks (in what is now Germany), where they organized the Holy Roman Empire. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, the 7th century, the 8th century, 9th century, or 10th century. In Late medieval times, this loose and unstable empire was the principal government. I do not yet have details of the 11th century or 12th century. In the 13th century, Frederick II was among the strongest of the Holy Roman emperors, but struggled with the Catholic church and upon his death, the Hohenstaufen dynasty ended. In the 14th century the Holy Roman empire was weakening and was afficted by the plague, known as the Black Death. In the 15th century, the Habsburg family gained control of the Imperial throne.

Modern history is a bit easier to follow. The 16th century was full of conflict as the seat of the Protestant Reformation. In the 17th century, the last of the major European wars of religion was fought. In the early 17th century, most of Germany was under control of the Holy Roman Empire centered in Austria, and was part protestant in part catholic. The Thirty years war began in this period. In the early-mid 17th century, all of Germany was ravaged by the 30 years war. In the mid 17th century, this was finally brought to an end. In the late-mid 17th century, and the late 17th century, Austria was fighting the French on the west and the Ottoman empire on the east. In the 18th century, parts of it were significant military powers. In the early 18th century, Austria was victorious in the War of Spanish Succession and in fighting against the Ottoman empire, while the state of Brandenburg was merging with Prussia. In the early-mid 18th century, both were trying for position. In the mid 18th century, Prussia and Austria collided in the War of the Austrian Succession, then again in the Seven Years War. In the late-mid 18th century and late 18th centuries, Prussia expanded by absorbing part of Poland, while Austria was engaged in reform movements.

In the 19th century, Germany was being unified in a modern state. In the early 19th century, part of it was Prussia, which had been defeated by Napoleon, part of it was under the rule of Austria, and part of it was a patchwork of small states. In the early-mid 19th Century, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and in Austria, the last Holy Roman Emperor died. In the mid-19th century, various revolutions broke out in Germany, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. In the late-mid 19th century, Prussia defeated Austria and France and proclaimed a German empire. In the late 19th century, Germany joined in the movement to partition Africa.

It has been important in the 20th century. In the early 20th century, it became one of the major belligerents of World War I, and a humiliating armistice was forced on it. I do not yet have specific detail on the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. In the early-mid 20th century, it began to redevelop and provoked anther and greater World War. I have little information on the early 1920s, late 1920s. In the early 1930s, it was suffering severely in the Great Depression. By the late 1930s, it had come under the rule of Adolf Hitler, began rearming, and provoked world War II. The mid 20th century was highly eventful. In the early 1940s, it was initially successful in the war, but was defeated in 1945. In the late 1940s, it was occupied by the US, British, French, and USSR, and divided between the liberal democratic West Germany and the Communist ruled East Germany. Berlin, in East Germay, was likewise divided between a western-controlled part and an eastern-controlled part. In the early 1950s, West Germany enjoyed a swift economic recovery, while East Germany closed its borders in an attempt to prevent emigration. In the late 1950s, West Germany was a founding member of the European community, while East Gemany was dependent on the USSR. In the late-mid 20th century, the division of Germany was a major concern of the Cold War. In the early 1960s, East Germany build a wall in Berlin to restrict emigration from that part of the city, and the Berlin Wall became an important symbol of the Cold War. In the late 1960s, the two countries remained rivals. In the early 1970s, there was a thawing of relations, which continued in the late 1970s. In the late 20th century, I lack solid information on developments. In the early 1980s, Germany remained divided. In the late 1980s, a liberalization movement in the USSR led to a similar liberalization in East Germany, the Berlin wall was torn down, and the country reunited under the authority of the West German government. In the early 1990s, Germany was occupied with the reconstruction of the former East Germany. I do not yet have details of 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, or 1995. In the late 1990s, Germany contined to be concerned with the reconstruction fo the former East Germany, but I do not yet have dtails of 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000.

Current events are being examined in the early 21st century. I have no details on the early 2000s through 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, but the late 2000s including events of 2006 and 2007 including the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter down to July, August, and September, and the 4th quarter down to October, November, and December are being examined. Events of 2008 including the first quarter can be examined. The second quarter including April, May, and June can also be examined. The third quarter including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be considered.

Its future including the near future with next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and far future is obscure.

Other Sociology

The investigation of Germany requires connection with other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.

Other peoples of the world

Germany is connected to various other nations, which are listed below under the peoples they belong to, [most recently Congo (DR), Thailand, France, the UK, Italy and South Korea].

It is considered to belong to Western civilization along with nations such as , and Mexico. It is more specifically associated with the germanic peoples. There are connections with anglic peoples such as those of the United States, Latin peoples such as those of Brazil; Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia, Balkan, and Scandinavian peoples also.

Likewise, there are connections with Asiatic peoples such as those of Turkey and Iran. These include Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Egypt. There are possible connections with South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangaldesh. There are some connections with Oriental peoples including China and Japan, some with Southeast Asian peoples such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam, and Central Asian peoples including those in parts of China.

There are also connections to African peoples such as those of Nigeria and Ethiopia and American Indian peoples such as are found in the United States.

Communities

Major cities and other important communities are not yet listed.

Social structure and change can be considered. Social change including social change factors and social processes may also be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be considered. Social types may have included hunting and gathering peoples in the distant past, but horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types are best known. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and regional and community structure will be considered in more detail as these topics are better developed.

Institutions

Religion has also been highly important. Germany has had a complex religious tradition, It was original pagan but was converted to Abrahamic religion, principally Christian but including Judaism as a minority and Islam as a smaller minority. Asiatic religion has not been highly important. It has become largely secular. Religious organization, practice, and beliefs can be connected. Government is also important. Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. government structure, and law are highly important. Economics including activities, industry, and economic systems is important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are useful.

c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as "Holy Roman Emperor"
c. 1455 Gutenberg develops a movable-type printing press and publishes the Bible.
1517 Luther's criticism of Catholic practice begins Protestant Reformation.
1799-1815 CE. Napoleon becomes emperor of France and attempts to conquer Europe, but is defeated. Numerous colonies in other parts of the world change posession.
c. 1880 Partitioning of Africa
c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world.
c. 1930s CE. Great Depression, principally in the United States and Europe.
c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan.
c. 1938 - c. 1945 Physicists including Einstein warn the United States government of the possibility that Germany could develop nuclear weaponry. Fermi heads the Manhattan project which demonstrates controlled nuclear fission and develops an atomic bomb.
c. 1945 - 1953 Stalin establishes USSR as a major world power, and begins a largely ideological struggle with the United States and allies known as the "Cold War"
c. 1960 - 1963. Kennedy is elected US President, and leads the US in various Cold War incidents and conflicts.
1989 "Velvet revolution", comparatively nonviolent collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe, symbolized by removal of Berlin wall.
1998 Schroeder is elected Chancellor of Germany.
2002 Schroeder reelected as Chancellor of Germany.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy has been profoundly important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technoloy, and other artifacts, has been influential.

Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology can be applied. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography is principally useful for European geography, but neighboring areas are also important. Germany has an estimated total area of 357,021 km². Particular groups can be connected.

Personal studies including the human body will be applicable to studies of Germany. Psychology including behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavior patterns. developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography will be applicable.

Connections with science will be made as the site develops. These include connections to physics, chemistry, astronomy, and more importantly, earth science and biology.