Egypt


Egypt is one of the 15 most populous countries in the world. History Egypt can trace its existence from prehistory. Little is known of early prehistory, but it was settled in middle prehistory. In late prehistory, various hunting-gathering and neolithic peoples had settled in Egypt. Egypt during antiquity has one of the best-known histories in the world. In the 5th Millennium BC, little is known concerning it. In the 4th Millennium BC, pre-dynastic cultures were developing in Upper Egypt (Southward from the Nile delta) and Lower Egypt (The delta region), and the first dynasty of a United egypt is thought to date to this time. In the 3rd Millennium, the Old Kingdom of Egypt arose, and the Pyramids were built during this time. In the 2nd Millennium, the Old kingdom collapsed, to be followed by the Midddle Kindom, and then the New Kingdom. By the end of the 2nd Millennium, however, Egypt was no longer a world power.	Sapience Home Site map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Nations Links to other sites: CIA World Factbook: Egypt Wikipedia - Egypt
In the early 1st Millennium, it was conquered by the Babylonians and Persians. c 4000-3000 BC Earliest known appearance of writing, asssociated with Sumerian and Egyptian cultures. Recorded history begins, more extensive with each succeeding century c. 2925 BC. Menes is traditionally credited with unifying Egypt and with establishing the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. c 2550 - c. 2500 BC. Khufu (Cheops) builds the Great Pyramid of Egypt. c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire. A fair amount is known of classical and medieval times. In early classical times, it was ruled by Persians, Greeks, and Romans. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century bC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. c. 300 BC Alexander conquers Persian empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, and reaches India c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor. In late classical times, as the Western Roman empire was crumbling, it was held by the Eastern portion. I do not yet have many specific details for the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE. c 300 CE. Constantine adopted Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moved the capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divided the Empire into Eastern and Western. In early medieval times it was taken from Byzantine control, first by the Persians, and then by the Muslims. A Muslim Fatamid dynasty appeared at the end of the early medieval period. I do not yet have details for the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, or the 10th century CE. c. 522 - 565 CE.Justinian I ruled as Byzantine (Eastern roman) Emperor and created a code of Roman law. 634 - 644 CEUmar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire. In the late medieval period, the Fatamid dynasty was succeded by the Mamluks, and was involved in the Crusades. I do not yet have details for the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century. It is also important in the modern period. In the 16th century it was considered part of the Ottoman Empire. I lack details of the early 16th century, early-mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. In the 17th century, it was under Mamluk rule under the Ottoman empire, though I have no details for the early, early-mid, mid, late-mid, or late 17th century. For most of the 18th century, it continued under Mamluk rule, under the Ottoman empire, and for the early, early-mid, mid, and late-mid 18th century remained quiet. In the late 18th century, it was invaded by Napoleon. These events kindled a European interest in Egyptian archeology and history that has continued to the present. In the 19th century, it came under rule by Britain. There is some connection with its capital city of Cairo. In the early 19th century, the Ottoman empire reasserted its control of Egypt, but in the early-mid 19th century, the commander which did so rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. In the mid 19th century, the Ottoman rule of Egypt was backed by the French, and construction of the Suez canal began. In the late-mid 19th century, the Suez canal was completed, and the ruler of Egypt, who had overextended his resources, surrendered Egyptian shares in the canal to Great Britain. In the late 19th century, an Egyptian nationalist movement was supressed by the British, who then tightened their control and forced French officials out. Details of the 20th century are not entirely clear. c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world. c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan. In the early 20th century, the Ottoman empire was defeated and could no longer claim even nominal authority in Egypt. In the early-mid 20th century, Egypt remained under British rule. I have little information about it in the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 19302. In the mid 20th century, it gained full independence. In the early 1940s, it served as a British base of operations in the Eastern Mediterranean and North africa throughout World War II. In the late 1940s, opposition to British occupation increased, and it was an opponent of the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. In the early 1950s, the British withdrew and Egypt's nominal independence became real. In the late 1950s, it nationalized the Suez Canal and was again defeated in a war with Israel, but was a leader among Arab nationalists. In the late-mid 20th century, there were more events. In the early 1960s, it was a leader in the non-aligned nations movement. In the late 1960s, it was defeated in the 1967 Six Day war with Israel. In the early 1970s, it participated in the Yom Kippur war with Israel, and in the late 1970s, broke ranks with the rest of the Arab world to settle a peace treaty with Israel. In the late 20th century, it has been somewhat quietly influential and concerned with internal problems. I lack details on the and early 1990s. In the early 1980s, Anwar Sadat was assassinated and Hosni Mubarak beame president of Egypt. In the late 1980s, Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League. In the early 1990s Mubarak initiated a domestic reform program to emphasize private economics. For the late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000 I do not have sufficient details. This will be connected to events of the early 21st century. The early 2000s through 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 are also unclear, but current events in the late 20th century including 2006 and 2007 including the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter including July and August are being examined. During September I have no reported events. During the fourth quarter, Egypt has had few events reported. In October, I have no reported events. In November, 20 Nov. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert held talks with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Sharm el-Sheikh. I have no reported events in December. Events of 2008 including the first quarter 2008 and the second quarter 2008 with April, May, and June can be considered. The third quarter 2008 including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter and second quarter can be connected. The third quarter 2009 including events of July, August, September, and October 2009 can be connected. Its future can be examined. The near future including next month down to October and November 2009, next quarter, and next year is beng considered. The middle future, and far future are obscure. Other Sociology Egypt is connected with various other nations which are listed below under the peoples they belong to. [Most recently it is connected to France United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea]. It belongs in general with Asiatic peoples such as Iran. It belongs to Middle Eastern peoples along with those of Turkey. There are possible connections with South Asian peoples such as tnose of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian, Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, and Thailand and Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan as well. There are connections with African peoples such as those of Congo (DR). Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia are fairly closely connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria are not well connected. Western civilization is also influential. Germany is connected. There are connections with Anglic peoples including United States, Latin peoples including Brazil and Mexico, and Northeast European peoples including Russia There are few connections with American Indian peoples. Major cities and other important communities include: Cairo Social structure and change can be discussed. Social change including factors, processes, and particular changes will be discussed as these topics are better developed. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types can be considered. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected. The institutions of Egypt profoundly influenced the ancient world, and while they were less significant in classical and medieval times, they are still of interest in modern times. Religion, including beliefs, practice, and organization was highly important and is still of interest. Religious tradition is now primarily Abrahamic, but pagan religion was formerly influential. Secular and Asiatic religions have not been influential. Government including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments has been and still is important. Economics including activities, industries, and economyc systems is important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important.Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be considered. Culture of Egypt has been highly influential. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events is important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transporation, communication, and other artifacts will be useful. Anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, and human ecology can be applied. Human geography is principally African, but there is a connection to Asian geography and a weak one to Euopean geography. Egypt has an area of 1,001,450 km² particular groups can be applied. Personal studies including the human body and psychology will be useful in studies of Egypt. I have not yet connected biography to Egypt. More information about its connections with science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology will be included as the site develops.

Egypt is one of the 15 most populous countries in the world.

History

Egypt can trace its existence from prehistory. Little is known of early prehistory, but it was settled in middle prehistory. In late prehistory, various hunting-gathering and neolithic peoples had settled in Egypt.

Egypt during antiquity has one of the best-known histories in the world. In the 5th Millennium BC, little is known concerning it. In the 4th Millennium BC, pre-dynastic cultures were developing in Upper Egypt (Southward from the Nile delta) and Lower Egypt (The delta region), and the first dynasty of a United egypt is thought to date to this time. In the 3rd Millennium, the Old Kingdom of Egypt arose, and the Pyramids were built during this time. In the 2nd Millennium, the Old kingdom collapsed, to be followed by the Midddle Kindom, and then the New Kingdom. By the end of the 2nd Millennium, however, Egypt was no longer a world power.

Links to other sites:
CIA World Factbook: Egypt
Wikipedia - Egypt

In the early 1st Millennium, it was conquered by the Babylonians and Persians.

c 4000-3000 BC Earliest known appearance of writing, asssociated with Sumerian and Egyptian cultures. Recorded history begins, more extensive with each succeeding century
c. 2925 BC. Menes is traditionally credited with unifying Egypt and with establishing the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt.
c 2550 - c. 2500 BC. Khufu (Cheops) builds the Great Pyramid of Egypt.
c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire.

A fair amount is known of classical and medieval times. In early classical times, it was ruled by Persians, Greeks, and Romans. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century bC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC.

c. 300 BC Alexander conquers Persian empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, and reaches India
c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor.

In late classical times, as the Western Roman empire was crumbling, it was held by the Eastern portion. I do not yet have many specific details for the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE.

c 300 CE. Constantine adopted Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moved the capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divided the Empire into Eastern and Western.

In early medieval times it was taken from Byzantine control, first by the Persians, and then by the Muslims. A Muslim Fatamid dynasty appeared at the end of the early medieval period. I do not yet have details for the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, or the 10th century CE.

c. 522 - 565 CE.Justinian I ruled as Byzantine (Eastern roman) Emperor and created a code of Roman law.
634 - 644 CEUmar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire.

In the late medieval period, the Fatamid dynasty was succeded by the Mamluks, and was involved in the Crusades. I do not yet have details for the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century.

It is also important in the modern period. In the 16th century it was considered part of the Ottoman Empire. I lack details of the early 16th century, early-mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, or late 16th century. In the 17th century, it was under Mamluk rule under the Ottoman empire, though I have no details for the early, early-mid, mid, late-mid, or late 17th century. For most of the 18th century, it continued under Mamluk rule, under the Ottoman empire, and for the early, early-mid, mid, and late-mid 18th century remained quiet. In the late 18th century, it was invaded by Napoleon. These events kindled a European interest in Egyptian archeology and history that has continued to the present.

In the 19th century, it came under rule by Britain. There is some connection with its capital city of Cairo. In the early 19th century, the Ottoman empire reasserted its control of Egypt, but in the early-mid 19th century, the commander which did so rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. In the mid 19th century, the Ottoman rule of Egypt was backed by the French, and construction of the Suez canal began. In the late-mid 19th century, the Suez canal was completed, and the ruler of Egypt, who had overextended his resources, surrendered Egyptian shares in the canal to Great Britain. In the late 19th century, an Egyptian nationalist movement was supressed by the British, who then tightened their control and forced French officials out.

Details of the 20th century are not entirely clear.

c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world.
c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan.

In the early 20th century, the Ottoman empire was defeated and could no longer claim even nominal authority in Egypt. In the early-mid 20th century, Egypt remained under British rule. I have little information about it in the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 19302. In the mid 20th century, it gained full independence. In the early 1940s, it served as a British base of operations in the Eastern Mediterranean and North africa throughout World War II. In the late 1940s, opposition to British occupation increased, and it was an opponent of the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. In the early 1950s, the British withdrew and Egypt's nominal independence became real. In the late 1950s, it nationalized the Suez Canal and was again defeated in a war with Israel, but was a leader among Arab nationalists. In the late-mid 20th century, there were more events. In the early 1960s, it was a leader in the non-aligned nations movement. In the late 1960s, it was defeated in the 1967 Six Day war with Israel. In the early 1970s, it participated in the Yom Kippur war with Israel, and in the late 1970s, broke ranks with the rest of the Arab world to settle a peace treaty with Israel. In the late 20th century, it has been somewhat quietly influential and concerned with internal problems. I lack details on the and early 1990s. In the early 1980s, Anwar Sadat was assassinated and Hosni Mubarak beame president of Egypt. In the late 1980s, Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League. In the early 1990s Mubarak initiated a domestic reform program to emphasize private economics. For the late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000 I do not have sufficient details.

This will be connected to events of the early 21st century. The early 2000s through 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 are also unclear, but current events in the late 20th century including 2006 and 2007 including the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, and 3rd quarter including July and August are being examined. During September I have no reported events. During the fourth quarter, Egypt has had few events reported. In October, I have no reported events. In November, 20 Nov. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert held talks with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Sharm el-Sheikh. I have no reported events in December. Events of 2008 including the first quarter 2008 and the second quarter 2008 with April, May, and June can be considered. The third quarter 2008 including July, August, and September, and the fourth quarter including October and November can be connected.

2009 including the first quarter and second quarter can be connected. The third quarter 2009 including events of July, August, September, and October 2009 can be connected.

Its future can be examined. The near future including next month down to October and November 2009, next quarter, and next year is beng considered. The middle future, and far future are obscure.

Other Sociology

Egypt is connected with various other nations which are listed below under the peoples they belong to. [Most recently it is connected to France United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea]. It belongs in general with Asiatic peoples such as Iran. It belongs to Middle Eastern peoples along with those of Turkey. There are possible connections with South Asian peoples such as tnose of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian, Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, and Thailand and Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan as well.

There are connections with African peoples such as those of Congo (DR). Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia are fairly closely connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria are not well connected.

Western civilization is also influential. Germany is connected. There are connections with Anglic peoples including United States, Latin peoples including Brazil and Mexico, and Northeast European peoples including Russia

There are few connections with American Indian peoples.

Major cities and other important communities include:

Cairo

Social structure and change can be discussed. Social change including factors, processes, and particular changes will be discussed as these topics are better developed. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types can be considered. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected.

The institutions of Egypt profoundly influenced the ancient world, and while they were less significant in classical and medieval times, they are still of interest in modern times. Religion, including beliefs, practice, and organization was highly important and is still of interest. Religious tradition is now primarily Abrahamic, but pagan religion was formerly influential. Secular and Asiatic religions have not been influential. Government including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments has been and still is important. Economics including activities, industries, and economyc systems is important. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important.Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be considered.

Culture of Egypt has been highly influential. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events is important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transporation, communication, and other artifacts will be useful.

Anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, and human ecology can be applied. Human geography is principally African, but there is a connection to Asian geography and a weak one to Euopean geography. Egypt has an area of 1,001,450 km² particular groups can be applied.

Personal studies including the human body and psychology will be useful in studies of Egypt. I have not yet connected biography to Egypt.

More information about its connections with science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology will be included as the site develops.