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Introductory material |
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In the 16th century, it developed as a kingdom slowly. In early 16th century, early mid 16th century it was involved in wars with Poland. In the mid 16th century, it began to defeat the remaining Tatars of Eastern Europe, and continued to do so in the late-mid 16th century. In the late 16th century, it began to invade North central asia, beginning with what is now called Siberia.
In the 17th century, it began to expand substantially. The early 17th century was called the time of troubles, when various impostors tried to claim the Russian throne, and in the early mid 17th century, the Tsar was weak. However, pioneers and fur traders were expanding eastward across Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1637. In the mid 17th century, there was warfare beteen Russia and Poland. In the late mid 17th century, it expanded its rule into what is now Ukraine and made contact with the Ottoman empire. In the late 17th century, the energetic but cruel Peter I (the Great) came to power and initiated a program to bring Western learning to Russia.
c. 1682 - 1696 Peter the Great rises to power in Russia and becomes sole ruler.
Russia became an important European power. In the early 18th century, The Swedish invaded Russia and were badly defeated by Peter I, who was a vigorous reformer. Peter had lost some of its gains to the Ottoman empire, but took control of Poland and defeated Persians in battle. In the early-mid 18th century, Russian explorers reached the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska and the Siberian arctic coast. Russians strengthened their control of Poland and regained their earlier conquests from the Ottoman empire. In the mid 18th century, Russians continued to consolidate their rule. I do not yet have details of the early 1740s, the late 1740s, the early 1750s, or the late 1750s. In the late-mid 18th century, they were involved in reducing Polands's size and strength, while the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. Russia vigorously counterattacked, gaining eventually little but demonstrating that it was the stronger power. I do not yet have details of the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, or late 1770s. In the late 18th century, Russia again fought with the Ottoman empire and expanded to its later European bounds. Poland was partitioned and part given to Russia. I do not yet have details of the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, or late 1790s.
1701-1721. Peter the Great proclaims himself as tsar of Russia and pursues a modernization and expansion program intended to make Russia a major European and Asian power.
1799-1815 CE. Napoleon becomes emperor of France and attempts to conquer Europe, but is defeated. Numerous colonies in other parts of the world change posession.
In the early 19th century, Napoleon invaded Russia and met with complete disaster. Russia was also engated in conflicts in Scandinavia and with the Persia and the Ottoman empire. I do not yet have details of the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, or late 1810s. In the early-mid 19th century, Russia decisively defeated Persia, again defeated the Ottoman empire, and conquered and defeated a revolt of Poland. I do not yet have details of the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, or late 1830s. In the mid 19th century, Russia helped defeat a revolution in Hungary, defeated the Ottoman empire at sea, lost its naval base on the Black Sea following the Crimean war, but continued to expand into Central Asia and reached approximately its current boundary with China. I do not yet have details of the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, or late 1850s. In the late-mid 19th century, Russia liberalized some, exanded further into south central Asia, and defeated the Ottoman empire again, but was restrained from taking Constantinople. I do not yet have details of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, or late 1870s. In the late 19th century, serious unrest and opposition to the autocratic government of Russia began to arise. I have no details of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s.
The early 20th century was a time of disruption and unrest. In the early 1900s, it was defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese war. In the late 1900s, this failure, as well as the failure of liberalizing reforms, led to even more dissatisfaction with the government. In the early 1910s, a scandal within the Russian court led to further loss of confidence in the monarchy. Germany declared war on it, as one step in the descent into World War I, and the war went badly for Russia. In the late 1910s, it went so badly that riots and rebellions broke out, and the Tsar was forced to abdicate. A provisional government was set up, but was ovethrown by the Communists in the "October Revolution". The Communist government settled a peace treaty with Germany, and was was immediately beset with a civil war.
c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world.
1917 CE. Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Russian monarchy, takes control of the Russian Empire, renaming it the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and adapts Marxism to be the state-approved ideology.
In the early-mid 20th century, it was reorganized. In the early 1920s, the civil war came to an end with the Communists having control, the government was reorganized as the USSR, and Lenin died. In the late 1920s, Stalin came to power and ruled as a dictator. In the early 1930s, Stalin was moderate in foreign policy and won some recognition, but harsh with dissenters at home. In the late 1930s, his foreign initiatives stalled, and in 1939, he signed a non-agression pact with Hitler.
c. 1928 Stalin orders massive forced transformation of Russian society.
In the mid 20th century, the USSR was involved in both World War II and the subsequent "Cold War". In the early 1940s, Hitler turned on the USSR in 1942, and the Sovet Union was thereafter heavily involved in the struggle against Germany, and had a major role in the German defeat. In the late 1940s, it asserted political control over Eastern Europe, setting up a number of Communist governments, and became recognized as one of the world's two superpowers. In the early 1950s, it adopted a policy of hostile confrontation with the US and other Western nations, which became known as the "Cold War" and continued to do so in the late 1950s.
c. 1945 - 1953 Stalin establishes USSR as a major world power, acquires nuclear weapons technology, and begins a largely ideological struggle with the United States and allies known as the "Cold War."
1949 Mao defeats Nationalist forces and becomes dictator of the Peoples Republic of China as a Communist state allied with the USSR.
In the early 1960s it was vocally belligerent. I do not yet have details of 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, or 1965. During the late 1960s, under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, the economy stagnated, and the Soviet Union adopted a policy of supporting allied Communist governments by force, as illustrated in the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. I do not yet have details of 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, or 1970. In the early 1970s, there was talk of "detente" and "peaceful coexistence" with the west. I do not yet have details of 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, or 1975. By the late 1970s, the gap between Western economics and the Soviet economy was noticeable. I do not yet have details of 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, or 1980.
c. 1960 - 1963. Kennedy is elected US President, and leads the US in various Cold War incidents and conflicts.
1985. Gorbachev becomes leader of USSR.
1987 Gorbachev calls for "opennness" (glasnost) and economic restructuring (perestroika) of USSR, and begins a liberalization process.
1989 "Velvet revolution", comparatively nonviolent collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe, symbolized by removal of Berlin wall.
1991 An attempt to remove Gorbachev leads to the breakup of USSR and the end of Cold War
In the early 1980s Brezhnev died, and was succeeded by Yuri Andropov, then Constantin Chernenko, and Mikhail Gorbachev. I do not yet have details of 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 or 1985. In the late 1980s, a liberalization and reform movement was initiated by Gorbachev. I do not yet have details of 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, or 1990. In the early 1990s, the Communist government collapsed, the USSR was dissolved, Russia, the largest piece, was recognized as its successor, and the "Cold War" came to an end. I do not yet have details of 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, or 1995. In the late 1990s, Russia suffered a number of economic and political troubles associated with the fall of the Communist government. In 1996. Boris Yeltsin won reelection as President, although in 1997 he was increasingly in poor health. In 1998, Russia suffered a severe financial crisis. In 1999, a second Chechen war took place. Vladimir Putin, one of Yeltsin's ministers, gained a reputation as a strong and decisive leader, and Yeltsin resigned. In 2000, Putin won election as President of Russia.
By the early 2000s Russia seemed to have stabilized. Details of 2001, 2002 and 2003 remain to be examined. In 2004, Vladimir Putin was re-elected President of Russia. The Beslan school hostage crisis occurred. For 2005, I have no events except a joint Russia-China military training exercise.
In 2006, the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and 4th quarter can be connected.
2007 including 2007 first quarter including January, February, and March remain to be examined. The 2nd quarter including April, May, and June can also be examined. The 3rd quarter including July, August and September also need to be examined. The 4th quarter including October, November, and December can also be examined.
2008 can be subdivided into the first quarter 2008 which includes January, February, and March and the second quarter 2008, which includes April, May, and June. The third quarter 2008 can be considered. In July, no events are recorded at present. August
August 7 - The 2008 South Ossetia war began as Georgia and Russia launched a major offensive inside the separatist region of South Ossetia after days of border skirmishes between the two sides.
August 26 - Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Georgian breakaway republics Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
29 Aug 2008 - Georgia cut diplomatic ties with Russia following Russian recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
30 Aug 2008 -2008 South Ossetia war: Russia announced that South Ossetia would join 'one united Russian state' (The Times).
1 Sept 2008 - 2008 South Ossetia war: The European Union suspended talks on a new partnership agreement with Moscow until Russian troops have withdrawn from Georgia.
1 Sept 2008 - Russia accused the West of sending weapons to Georgia along with aid, while the European Union considered possible sanctions against Russia.
14 Sept 2008 - Aeroflot Flight 821 crashed near the city of Perm, Russia, killing all 88 on board.
The fourth quarter including events of October and November can be considered.
On Nov 5, 2008, in his State of the Nation address, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced a proposal to extend the presidential term from four years to six. He also announced that his country would place short-range conventional warhead missiles in Kaliningrad in order to counter United States missile defense facilities in Poland and the Czech Republic, however, he expressed hope that Russia–United States relations would be mended with the presidency of Barack Obama. On Nov 6, according to officials, an explosion killed at least 11 people aboard a minibus in the North Caucasus city of Vladikavkaz.
On Nov 9, 2008, An accident aboard K-152 Nerpa, a nuclear-powered Russian Navy submarine doing a test run in the Sea of Japan, killed more than 20 people. On Nov 11, the global financial crisis spread to Russia when Russian regulators halted trading on one of the country's two main stock indexes, the MICEX, after it fell 6.5%, dragged down by commodity and banking shares. On Nov 12 Russia's two main stock exchanges were suspended for one hour after the market opened with a more than 10% decline in response to trends on global markets and falling oil prices. Trade in Russian shares had been shifting to London traded Global Depositary Receipts during frequent suspensions in Moscow, dictated by rules imposed by the regulator to reduce volatility on Moscow's increasingly illiquid stock market. On Nov 13, The MICEX stock exchange fell 5% as trade resumed after a one-day limit-down halt. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin questioned the commitment of the European Union to the construction of the Nord Stream pipeline to establish a natural gas delivery network from his country to Germany. A European Commission spokesman responded, "The EU continues to strongly support the Nord Stream pipeline".
Events of 2009 including those of the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected.
Events of 2010 including those of the first quarter 2010 during January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 can be considered. The second quarter 2010 can be connected. The third quarter 2010 including events of July 2010, August 2010, and September 2010 can be connected.
October 2010 including events of 2010 week 40, 2010 week 41, 2010 week 42, 2010 week 43, 2010 week 44, and 2010 week 45 can be connected. Events of November 2010 including those of 2010 week 45, 2010 week 46, 2010 week 47, 2010 week 48, and 2010 week 49 can be connected. Events of December 2010 including events of 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, and 2010 week 51 can be considered. 2010 week 52 and 2010 week 53 can be connected.
1 January 2011 Four people were killed and around 40 injured after a passenger plane exploded in Surgut in eastern Russia.
4 January 2011 Russia began an operation to free 500 people stranded in ships by ice in the Sea of Okhotsk.
18 January 2011 President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, on his first visit to the West Bank as head of state, confirmed "support [for] the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem."
22 January 2011 At least two people were killed in a blaze at a shopping centre in the southwest Russian city of Ufa.
24 January 2011 At least 35 people were killed and 130 injured after a suicide bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in the Russian capital Moscow.
26 January 2011 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev fired top airport security officials, two days after a suicide bombing at Moscow's Domodedovo International Airport killed 35 people and injured 130.
29 January 2011 Investigators in Russia said they had discovered the identities of those responsible for the bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow.
2011 week 6 can be considered.
February 2011 can be connected.
1 February 2011 Russia started a search for a missing military satellite launched into the wrong orbit.
2 February 2011 The President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, expanded the Kremlin's human rights council and authorised it to investigate the cases of Sergei Magnitsky and Mikhail Khodorkovsky.
2011 week 7 can be connected.
6 February 2011 Russian billionaire Ashot Egiazaryan, facing charges of financial crimes, fled to the United States claiming persecution.
7 February 2011 Luke Harding, The Guardian's Moscow correspondent was expelled from Russia as a result of the paper publishing cables about Russia becoming a "mafia state".
8 February 2011 Dokka Umarov, a Chechen warlord and one of Russia's most wanted men, claimed responsibility for the bombing at Domodedovo International Airport last month.
9 February 2011 Serial blasts rocked Russia's Grozny, at least five people are wounded.
2011 week 8 can be connected.
2011 week 9 can be connected. 2011 week 10 can be connected.
March 2011 including 2011 week 10, 2011 week 11, 2011 week 12, 2011 week 13, and 2011 week 14 can be connected.
The second quarter 2011 can be connected.
April 2011 including 2011 week 14, 2011 week 15, 2011 week 16, 2011 week 17, and 2011 week 18 can be connected.
May 2011 including 2011 week 19, 2011 week 20, 2011 week 21, 2011 week 22, and 2011 week 23 can be connected.
June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, and 2011 week 26 can be connected. 2011 week 27 can be connected.
The third quarter 2011 can be connected. July 2011 including 2011 week 27 can be connected.