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Introductory material |
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Europeans reached Asia by sea in the 16th century, and began increasing their presence. I have no details on the growth of Delhi. In the early 16th century, Babur began raiding into India. At roughly the same time, 1502 - 1503 da Gama made a second voyage to India and began to establish a Portuguese trading presence, and 1506 - 1511 Magellan participated in establishing Portuguese control of Indian Ocean by defeating an Arab fleet. In the early-mid 16th century, Babur had conquered northern India and set up the Mughal empire, and in 1524 da Gama made a third voyage to India in order to expand the Portuguese trading presence there. In the mid 16th century, the Mughals began to establish themselved more solidly. In the late-mid 16th century and late 16th century, they extended their empire from northern into Central India.
In the 17th century, the Mughal empire was at its height. In the early 17th century, the English began to replace the Portuguese in the India trade. In the early-mid 17th century, the mausolum called the Taj Mahal was begun, and the English founded a fortified town which grew into modern Madras. In the mid 17th century, the Taj Mahal was completed. In the late-mid 17th century the emperor Aurangzeb persecuted the Hindus, while the French and English built more fortified cities (such as Bombay) along the coast. In the late 17th century, these were attacked, but unsuccessfully. Aurangzeb's later rule was marked by harsh persecution, revolts which had to be put down, and warfare which weakened his government.
The British, acting through the East India Company, extended British domions across more of India. I have no details on Bombay or Delhi, but Calcutta was founded. I do not yet have details of Madras, Bangalore, or Hyderabad.
In the early 18th century, the Mughal empire weakened and granted important economic concessions to the British. In the early-mid 18th century, invasions from Afghanistan destroyed what remained of its real power. In the mid 18th century, the British and French struggled for control of India, with the British finally succeeding. In the late-mid 18th century, they took over administration of the Bengal region from the remnants of the Mughal emperors. I do not yet have details of the early 1770s, late 1770s, early 1780s, or late 1780s. In the late 18th century, they extended their effective dominion to southern India. I do not yet have details of the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, or late 1790s.
In the early 19th century, the British ruled India indirectly through the British East India Company, which began a program of expansion, as well as expulsion of the French from India in connection with the Napoleonic wars. I do not yet have details of the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, or late 1810s. This expansionism continued in the early-mid 19th century. I do not yet have details of the early 1820s, the late 1820s, early 1830s, or late 1830s. It continued in most of the mid-19th century until in 1857, a major rebellion against British rule, often formerly known as the Sepoy rebellion, broke out. This was supressed by British troops, and the British government abolished the East India company and assumed direct rule. I do not yet have details of the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, or late 1850s. In the late-mid 19th century, famines, British economic practices and anglo-centric attitudes increased Indian resentment against British rule. I do not yet have details of the early 1860s, late 1860s, erly 1870s, or late 1870s. In the late 19th century, Indian dissatisfaction with British rule continued and increased. In the early 1880s, an attempt to liberalize the British government of India failed. The Indian National Congress was first called. in the late 1880s protests against British rule continued. In the early 1890s, these continued. In the early 1890s and late 1890s, Indian protests and calls for home rule persisted.
In the early 20th century, nationalist movements began to become influential. In the early mid 20th century, Gandhi led the nationalist movement with a policy of noncooperation, civil disobedience, and nonviolent resistance, although his lead was not universally followed. In the mid 20th century, India regained its independence and Pakistan was split from British India. A summary of the late mid 20th century remains to be developed. The late 20th century has also not yet been well summarized. Current events of the early 21st century are being examined.