China


China is a large, old, and complex nation with a corresponding old and complex history. It is here divided into seven major reigions. North Central China This includes Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Gansu provinces, and the cities of Beijing (Peking) and Tianjin (Tientsen).	Sapience Home Site map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Nations
South Central China This includes Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Jiagsu, Anhu, and Qinghai provinces, and the cities of Shanghai and Wuhan South Coastal China This includes Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Hainan provinces. It also includes Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Cities include Guangzhou (Canton), Shenzhen, and Dongguan Southern Interior China This includes Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region. It also includes the cities of Chungking and Chengdu. Northern China This includes Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, and the city of Shenyang Mongolian China This includes the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Autonomous regions. Western China This includes the Tibet and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions.
History China has been inabited since prehistoric times. In antiquity it developed a distinctive bronze age civilization and progrssed to Iron age civilization, as well as giving rise to Confucianism. During Classical and medieval times, the Han empire gave its name to the Chinese people, though several other dynasties followed. In modern times, the last of the medieval dynasties, the Ming, was succeded by the Quin or Manchu empire, wich fell to a Republic, then was disunited until the current Peoples Republic of China established control over the nation. Its future has not yet been carefully examined.
Other Sociology China can be examined using other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.	Links to Other sites Wikipedia - China CIA World Factbook - China
Institutions Religion Its traditions are largely asiatic. Not much Persian influence is found, but much Oriental influence can be found. Taoist and Confucian beliefs are present; few Zoroastrians, and Manicheans are. Taoist and Confucian beliefs are not clearly differentiated from secularism. Indian religion, principally including Buddhism, but not much Hinduism, Sihkism, or Jainism can be found. Secularism is also present. Chinese religion also includes Abrahamic religion, including minorities of Muslims, and Jews. Christianity, which is a minority religion, includes Catholicism, Protestantism, and perhaps some Orthodox. There are a few Mormons, mostly foreigners living in China. It is not certain whether old Christianity ever reached China. It also includes pagan components. Chinese traditional religion can be considered Asian pagan. European, African, American Indian, and neopagan religion are much less significant. China is so large and contains so many diverse peoples that its overall religious organization is typically unstructured or fragmented, though there are some that are highly structured. Practice and beliefs differ from Western models. Government Particular governments China is involved in international government, having been the center of a traditonal empire. It was nearly divided among several colonial empires. It is involved in numerous modern compacts. Temporary alliances, special organizations, and regional organizations. World government including the League of Nations and the United Nations can be considered. China has local governments and has had more than one national government. These include the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the Republic of China (1912- present) and People's Republic of China (1949-present). The People's Republic is controlled by the Communist Party. Local government in China includes provincial governments and subdivisions, autonomous regions, and municipal governments including smaller subdivisions. Study of Activities such as administration and succession will be useful. State relations including espionage, diplomacy, and warfare can be considered. China's government structure is currently based on a single Communist party. Its judicial structure is based on People's Courts. The leglative body, the National People's Congress, is controlled by the Compunisst Party. Executive functions are largely controlled by the Premier. The head of State (since 2003) as well as head of the Communist Party is Hu JIntao. Its form of government is considered a communist state. China's law is based on Western Law, although it was based on Asiatic law. Tribal law and international law are also connected. Economics Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange care important. Industries including corporations and agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and constrution, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial industries will be particularly significant. Economic systems including firms, networks, and system types will be useful. Economic system behavior can be connected. Development is considerably behind that of Western civilization, but it has been catching up. China has a fairly strong education system, with research and teaching. Cultural institutions such as museums, libraries, and venues can be considered. Educational organization including course materials, students, faculty, and administration is useful. Particular schools including primary, secondary, and higher education are all important. Family structure including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be a vital part of studies of China. Culture Behavioral culture Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building related, tranportation related, communiction related, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is included. Cultural events such as miscellenous events, disasters, fairs and conventions, and holidays can also be considered. Developments of conceptual culture including language are not widely known elsewhere. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, and compue graphics can be considered. Literature including oral tradition, literary forms, types and genres, and works will be useful. Mathematics including mathematical foundations, arithmetic, algebra, analysis, geometry, and statistics will be useful. Applied science including such things as measurement, engineering science, Navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science is important in china. Philosophy including logic, metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, special topics, and philosophical schools and doctrines has strong non-western traditions and is not yet considered here. Material culture such as foodstuffs, buildings, transportation, and industrial technology is important. Communications technology including written, graphic, and electrical communication can be considered. Other artifacts such as toys, medicines, weaponry, sculpture, musical instruments, and so on can be connected. Clothing and dress can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared foods, preserved and processed, and raw foods can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups may be included as they are known. Human geography is mostly restricted to Asian geography. Its estimated total area is 9,596,960 km², giving it a mean population density of 139.59 persons/ km². European geography is only weakly connected. African geography is only weakly connected. North American geography is only weakly connected. Human ecology including relations effects of the environment, other life, and effects on the environment will be included as the site develops further. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion will be connected. Demography including birth and fertility, migration, morbidity and death, population size and population structure is important. China's estimated population as of July 2008 is 1,330,044,605. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types are useful. Personal studies This can be examined somewhat using biography. Important figures include: Confucius Ts'ai Lun The human body including body systems, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance seems to be indirectly significant. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology seems to be indirectly useful. Science Physics, and chemistry do not seem to be closely connected to China. Astronomy can be be applied. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography including mapping, oceanic geography, and terrestrial geography can be applied. Geohistory including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic geology is useful in studies of China. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, and organism biology may be useful. Systematics and the study of microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals may be useful. Ecology with its areas of behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeograhy may be useful. Biohistory including areas of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic are useful in studies of China.

China is a large, old, and complex nation with a corresponding old and complex history. It is here divided into seven major reigions.

North Central China

This includes Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Gansu provinces, and the cities of Beijing (Peking) and Tianjin (Tientsen).

South Central China

This includes Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Jiagsu, Anhu, and Qinghai provinces, and the cities of Shanghai and Wuhan

South Coastal China

This includes Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Hainan provinces. It also includes Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Cities include Guangzhou (Canton), Shenzhen, and Dongguan

Southern Interior China

This includes Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region. It also includes the cities of Chungking and Chengdu.

Northern China

This includes Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, and the city of Shenyang

Mongolian China

This includes the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Autonomous regions.

Western China

This includes the Tibet and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions.

China has been inabited since prehistoric times. In antiquity it developed a distinctive bronze age civilization and progrssed to Iron age civilization, as well as giving rise to Confucianism. During Classical and medieval times, the Han empire gave its name to the Chinese people, though several other dynasties followed. In modern times, the last of the medieval dynasties, the Ming, was succeded by the Quin or Manchu empire, wich fell to a Republic, then was disunited until the current Peoples Republic of China established control over the nation. Its future has not yet been carefully examined.

Other Sociology

China can be examined using other peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.

Institutions

Religion

Its traditions are largely asiatic. Not much Persian influence is found, but much Oriental influence can be found. Taoist and Confucian beliefs are present; few Zoroastrians, and Manicheans are. Taoist and Confucian beliefs are not clearly differentiated from secularism. Indian religion, principally including Buddhism, but not much Hinduism, Sihkism, or Jainism can be found. Secularism is also present. Chinese religion also includes Abrahamic religion, including minorities of Muslims, and Jews. Christianity, which is a minority religion, includes Catholicism, Protestantism, and perhaps some Orthodox. There are a few Mormons, mostly foreigners living in China. It is not certain whether old Christianity ever reached China. It also includes pagan components. Chinese traditional religion can be considered Asian pagan. European, African, American Indian, and neopagan religion are much less significant.

China is so large and contains so many diverse peoples that its overall religious organization is typically unstructured or fragmented, though there are some that are highly structured. Practice and beliefs differ from Western models.

Government

Particular governments

China is involved in international government, having been the center of a traditonal empire. It was nearly divided among several colonial empires. It is involved in numerous modern compacts. Temporary alliances, special organizations, and regional organizations. World government including the League of Nations and the United Nations can be considered. China has local governments and has had more than one national government. These include the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the Republic of China (1912- present) and People's Republic of China (1949-present). The People's Republic is controlled by the Communist Party. Local government in China includes provincial governments and subdivisions, autonomous regions, and municipal governments including smaller subdivisions.

Study of Activities such as administration and succession will be useful. State relations including espionage, diplomacy, and warfare can be considered. China's government structure is currently based on a single Communist party. Its judicial structure is based on People's Courts. The leglative body, the National People's Congress, is controlled by the Compunisst Party. Executive functions are largely controlled by the Premier. The head of State (since 2003) as well as head of the Communist Party is Hu JIntao. Its form of government is considered a communist state. China's law is based on Western Law, although it was based on Asiatic law. Tribal law and international law are also connected.

Economics

Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange care important. Industries including corporations and agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and constrution, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial industries will be particularly significant. Economic systems including firms, networks, and system types will be useful. Economic system behavior can be connected. Development is considerably behind that of Western civilization, but it has been catching up.

China has a fairly strong education system, with research and teaching. Cultural institutions such as museums, libraries, and venues can be considered. Educational organization including course materials, students, faculty, and administration is useful. Particular schools including primary, secondary, and higher education are all important.

Family structure including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be a vital part of studies of China.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building related, tranportation related, communiction related, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is included. Cultural events such as miscellenous events, disasters, fairs and conventions, and holidays can also be considered.

Developments of conceptual culture including language are not widely known elsewhere. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, and compue graphics can be considered. Literature including oral tradition, literary forms, types and genres, and works will be useful. Mathematics including mathematical foundations, arithmetic, algebra, analysis, geometry, and statistics will be useful. Applied science including such things as measurement, engineering science, Navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science is important in china. Philosophy including logic, metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, special topics, and philosophical schools and doctrines has strong non-western traditions and is not yet considered here.

Material culture such as foodstuffs, buildings, transportation, and industrial technology is important. Communications technology including written, graphic, and electrical communication can be considered. Other artifacts such as toys, medicines, weaponry, sculpture, musical instruments, and so on can be connected. Clothing and dress can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared foods, preserved and processed, and raw foods can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups may be included as they are known. Human geography is mostly restricted to Asian geography. Its estimated total area is 9,596,960 km², giving it a mean population density of 139.59 persons/ km². European geography is only weakly connected. African geography is only weakly connected. North American geography is only weakly connected. Human ecology including relations effects of the environment, other life, and effects on the environment will be included as the site develops further. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion will be connected. Demography including birth and fertility, migration, morbidity and death, population size and population structure is important. China's estimated population as of July 2008 is 1,330,044,605. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types are useful.

Personal studies

This can be examined somewhat using biography. Important figures include:

The human body including body systems, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance seems to be indirectly significant. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology seems to be indirectly useful.

Science

Physics, and chemistry do not seem to be closely connected to China. Astronomy can be be applied. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography including mapping, oceanic geography, and terrestrial geography can be applied. Geohistory including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic geology is useful in studies of China.

Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, and organism biology may be useful. Systematics and the study of microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals may be useful. Ecology with its areas of behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeograhy may be useful. Biohistory including areas of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic are useful in studies of China.