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In modern times, Western Civilization had an increasing impact, but in the latest century, these peoples reasserted their political independence and identity, while retaining much of Western culture. |
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The pace of cultural change was slower among the asiatic peoples than in Western civilization, and Europeans and their colonies began to dominate the Asiatic peoples. [There is limited information on Azerbaijan and cities such as Tientsen] The Middle East resisted European influence for some times. South Asia came principally under the rule of the British. Much of Central asia came under Russian rule. The Orient resisted western polical domination, but was culturally influenced. Southeast Asia was largely divided among several European nations.
There was contact but little rule by Western European peoples. Among Middle Eastern peoples, Turkey was the center of the Ottoman Empire. Egypt was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Mesopotamian peoples were principally under Ottoman rule. I lack details on Arabian peoples. North African peoples were largely under Muslim if not Ottoman rule. I lack specific details on Iran, then known as Persia. South Asian peoples including those of India where the Mughal empire was rising are significant.I lack details for Delhi. Pakistan and Bangladesh where the Mughal empire was also coming to power are significant. I have no information on the development of Dacca. I do not yet have much information on Central Asian peoples. Oriental peoples were contacted, principally by the Portuguese and the Dutch. In Southeast Asian peoples, the Portuguese and Spanish began to set up trading posts in Mainland Southeast Asia and the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes.
I do not yet have details for the early 16th, early mid 16th, or mid 16th century. In the late-mid 16th century, few events of the Ming Dynasty are yet connected. In the late 16th century, the Mughal empire of Northern India was extending into Central India. Among Oriental peoples, the Chinese came into conflict with Japan over Korea.
There was increasing contact with Western missionaries, traders, and explorers. Middle Eastern peoples were considered. Egypt can be considered. Turkey was the seat of the Ottoman Empire. I have no details on Iran. I have no details on the growth of Cairo. South Asian peoples such as those of India, (Where I have no details on the growth of Delhi, but Bombay way founded as a city by the English), Calcutta was founded. Pakistan was largely ruled by the Mughal empire. Bangladesh was largely ruled by the Mughal empire. I have no details on the growth of Dacca. Oriental peoples were important. I have no details on the growth of Beijing. In China, the Ming empire was succeded by the Manchus. I have no details on the growth of Shanghai. Japan had retreated from Western contact. I have no details on the growth of Tokyo or Osaka. I have no details on South Korea. I have no details on the growth of Seoul. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia can be considered. Jarkarta was captured and renamed Batavia by the Dutch. Spanish rule in the Philippines expanded. I have no details on Vietnam, which may have been under Chinese rule. I have no details on Thailand. I have no details on the growth of Manila.
In the early 17th century, in Indonesia the Dutch began to take control from the Portuguese. Among South Asian peoples, in India the English began to replace the Portuguese in the India trade. In the Orient the Ming Dynasty was in decline. In the early mid 17th century, in Indonesia the Dutch took control from the Portugese. Among South Asian peoples, in India the Taj Mahal was begun. Among Oriental peoples, the Ming dynasty was in decline. In the mid 17th century, Pakistan was part of the Mughal Empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India the Taj Mahal was completed. and in the Orient, the Ming dynasty was overthrown and succeeded by the Qin dynasty. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have not details on Indonesia except that it was ruled by the Dutch. In the late-mid 17th century, Bangladesh was part of the Mughal empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India, Aurangzeb of the Mughal empire persecuted Hindus, while the British and French established fortified cities on the coasts. Pakistan was part of the Mughal Empire. In the Orient the Qing dynasty was expanding. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no details on Indonesia except that it was ruled by the Dutch. In late 17th century, Bangladesh was part of the Mughal empire. In South Asia, in India, Aurangzeb of persecuted Hindus and met with numerous revolts. Pakistan was part of the Mughal empire. Among Oriental peoples, in China, a border with Russia was established. Among South Asian peoples, in Indonesia, the Dutch ruled.
Middle Eastern peoples were mostly under Ottoman Rule. Turkey was the seat of the Ottoman Empire. Levantine peoples were under Ottoman rule. Egypt was under Ottoman rule. Mesopotamian peoples seem to have been under Ottoman rule. Iran was part of a Persian empire. I have little detail of Arabian or North African peoples at present. South Asia including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh began to come under British influence and rule. Nepal and Sri Lanka can also be considered. Central Asia including Western Asia, Inner Asia, and Siberia also began to come under Russian control, while the Chinese ruled most of Mongolia. The Orient including China, Japan, and Korea generally tended to resist Western influence. Western influence and rule increased in Southeast Asia including Mainland Southeast Asia, the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, and Australia.
In the early 18th century, Bangladesh was practically independent of the weakened Mughal empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India, the Mughals offered significant economic concessions to the British. What is now Pakistan was raided by Persian peoples. Among Oriental peoples, the Chinese conquered Tibet. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia was ruled by the Dutch. In the early-mid 18th century, Japan remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples, the power of the Mughal government was practically destroyed by Afghan invasions. Pakistan was invaded by Afghan peoples. The British extended their influence in Bangladesh. Among Oriental poples, the government of China seemed to be strong and prosperous. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia was ruled by the Dutch. In the mid 18th century. Japan remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples, in India the British expanded their influence. What is now Pakistan was conquered by Afganistan. In Bangladesh, the native Bengali rulers attacked the British. Among Oriental peoples, the government of China seemed to be strong and prosperous. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Indonesia was governed by the Dutch through the VOC. In the late-mid 18th century, I have no details for the Philippines. I have no details for Tokyo. In South Asia, the British extended their control to include the Bengal region. Pakistan was mostly under Afghan rule. Bangladesh came mostly under British control. Among Oriental peoples, the government of China seemed to be strong and prosperous. Japan reamined in feudal isolation. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia was governed by the Dutch through the VOC. I do not yet have specific details for the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, or late 1770s. In the late 18th century, in Vietnam, the country was divided into parts ruled by the Trinh dynasty in the north, the Tay Soh dynasty in the center, and the Nguyen dynasty in the south. Cities including Seoul can be considered. Among South Asian peoples, in India, the British extended their control into southern India. Pakistan was under Afgan rule. Bangladesh was mostly under British control. Among Oriental peoples I have no information on Japan, which remained isolated from Western contact. I have no information on Tokyo. Rebellions against the central government of China began to appear. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no details for Indonesia except that it was was ruled by the Dutch through the VOC. I have no information on the Philippines. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, or late 1790s.
Most of the Middle East was under Ottoman rule, but the British and French were heavily involved. Most of South Asia came under British rule, first indirectly by way of the British East India Company, then directly. Much of Central Asia came inder Russian rule. Oriental peoples were important. China with its city of Shanghai was nearly partitioned by Western powers. Japan with its cities of Tokyo and Osaka which began to adopt Western technology was important. South Korea can be considered. I lack details for North Korea. In Southeast Asia, the native peoples were ruled by the Dutch, Spanish, French, and British, with only Thailand maintaining its independence.
In the early 19th century, in Egypt, the Ottoman commander sent to reassert control of Egypt rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. Seoul was an important city. Among South Asian peoples, In India, the British East India company expanded its influence and the French were expelled. Pakistan gained independence from Afghanistan as the Sikh kingdom. British Power was centered near Bangladesh. Among Oriental peoples, there was an influx of traders and missionaries into China. Japan was isolationist. Tokyo was an important city. In Southeast Asia, In Indonesia, the British took control briefly, but retuned it to Dutch rule. the Philippines were under Spanish rule. Vietnam was united under the Nguyen dynasty. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, or late 1810s.
Western influence in the early-mid 19th century expanded. The French began to take interest in Vietnam. Seoul was an important city. In South Asia, In India, the British East India company extended its rule. The Sikh kingdom of Pakistan expanded. In the Orient, this century included opium smuggling into China. The Japanese isolated themselves from foreigh contact. Tokyo was an important city. Among Southeast Asian peoples, in Indonesia, the British and dutch settled the borders of Dutch East Indies. The Philippines were ruled by Spain. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, or late 1830s.
Western domination continued in the mid 19th century. The Ottoman rule of Egypt was backed by the French, who build the Suez Canal. Bombay was an important city. Among South Asian peoples, The British assumed direct political rule following the Sepoy Rebellion. The British annexed the Sikh kingdom of Pakistan. In Bangladesh, the British assumed direct political rule. Among Oriental peoples, In Japan, the United States forced the Japanese to open trade with foreign nations. Tokyo was an important city. Seoul was an important city. The British defeated China in the Opium Wars. Among Southeast Asian peoples, the Dutch East India company ruled Indonesia. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. In Vietnam, the French took control of Saigon. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, or late 1850s.
Western domination progressed in the late-mid 19th century. Turkey continued to lose territory inthe Balkans. Delhi seems to have become the capital of British India. Among Middle Eastern peoples, In Egypt, the Suez Canal was completed. The ruler of Egypt, who had overextended his resources, surrendered Egyptian shares in the canal to Great Britain. South Asian peoples became increasingly resentful of British rule. Bombay became an important center for cotton export. In the Orient, China had a weakened central government as the Taiping rebellion was ended. In Japan, following the Meiji Restoration, a rapid program of acquisition of Western learning and technology began. Cities such as Tokyo were becoming important. Cities such as Seoul were becoming important. In Southeast Asia, I have no details for Indonesia except that it remained under Dutch rule. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. The French completed their conquest of Vietnam. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, or late 1870s.
Western domination reached its height in the late 19th century. Iran was practically controlled by the British. I have no information on Delhi. Among Middle Eastern peoples, The Ottoman Empire of Turkey continued to lose territory, and intermal opposition appeared. A nationalist movement in Egypt was suppressed, and the British tightened their control and forced the French out. Among South Asian peoples, there was increasing resitance to British rule, and the Indian National Congress was formed. Among Oriental peoples, China was nearly partitioned among western nations. Japan established a parliamentary government, asserted influence in Korea, and defeated China in the Sino-Japanese war. Cities such as Tokyo were significant. Cities such as Seoul were significant. Among Southeast Asian peoples, in Indonesia I have no definite information. The Philippines came under American rule following the Spanish-American war. Vietnam continued under French rule. I do not yet have specific details of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s.
Asiatic peoples reclaimed their politcal independence, but had been transformed culturally by European contact. In the Middle East, the Ottoman empire collapsed, and following a period of Western influence, Islamic influence began to prevail again. South Asian peoples gained their independence in mid-century. Central Asian peoples were dominated by Russia and China. Oriental peoples retained their independence throughout, but there was serious conflict among them. Southeast Asian peoples regained independence, but were beset by serious economic difficulties. Events of the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century can be considered.