Mesopotamian peoples


Mesopotamia comes from the Greek for "between the rivers", the Tigris and Euphrates, but has come to extend to the plains and highlands surrounding this region. It is the seat of one of the oldest civilizations, and for much of world history was a center of civilization and culture. The region is now included in the nation of Iraq, and has therefore drawn much recent attention. Divisions are not yet available.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Sociology Peoples Asiatic civilization Middle Eastern peoples

Mesopotamia comes from the Greek for "between the rivers", the Tigris and Euphrates, but has come to extend to the plains and highlands surrounding this region. It is the seat of one of the oldest civilizations, and for much of world history was a center of civilization and culture. The region is now included in the nation of Iraq, and has therefore drawn much recent attention. Divisions are not yet available.

Iraq


History Prehistory Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, and early mid Pleistocene is obscured. Remains dating to the late mid Pleistocene can be identified. Other remains dating to the late Pleistocene have been identified.	Links to other sites Wikipedia - Mesopotamia Wikipedia - History of Mesopotamia
For middle prehistory I do not yet have details of the period beginning 5th decamillennium BP, the 4th decamillennium BP, or the 3rd decamillennium BP. For the 2nd decamillennium BP, some remains of what are known as the Kebaran and Natufian cultures, and Pre-pottery Neolithic A cultures have been identified. Late prehistory can be connected. The early 8th millennium BC is associated with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, as is the late 8th millennium BC. In the early 7th millennium BC the Prepottery Neolithic B period seems to have ended. Sites such as Jarmo and the Halafian culture can be identified. In the late 6th millennium BC, Jarmo was still significant, and the Halafian culture seems to have been present. For the early 6th millennium BC I have few details, except that the Halafian culture can be followed. In the late 6th millennium BC, a chalcolithic pottery-making culture known as the Samarran culture can be identified. Antiquity In the 5th millennium BC these peoples were a major center of civilization. I have few details of the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th millennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, or the late 5th millennium BC. The 4th millennium BC can be connected. Writing made its earliest known appearance in Sumerian culture. Recorded history began and became more extensive with each following century. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC these peoples were an importance center of civilization, but I do not yet have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC. I do not yet have details of the 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the mid 2nd millenium BC, the late mid 2nd millennium BC, or the late 2nd millennium BC. c. 2000 -1500 BC Approximate period of spread of Indo-European speaking peoples into Europe, Northern Middle East, and India. I do not yet have details of the early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, or the 6th century BC. c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire. . In Classical and medieval times there was a break with antiquity. I do not yet have details of early classical times including the 5th century BC, 3th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, or 1st century BC. In late classical times, this area was between the Roman empire on one hand and the Parthian and Sassanid Persian empires on the other. I do not yet have detail for the 1st century CE, the 2nd century CE, the 3rd century CE, the 4th century CE, or the 5th century CE. During the early medieval period, these were conquered by followers of the new religion of Islam, which created a break with antiquity. I do not yet have details for the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, or the 10th century CE. In the late medieval period, these people were invaded by the Mongols from central Asia. I do not have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century. c. 300 BC Alexander conquers Persian empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, and reaches India c 300 CE. Constantine adopts Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moves capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divides the Empire into Eastern and Western. c. 522 - 565 CE.Justinian I rules as Byzantine (Eastern roman) Emperor and creates a code of Roman law. 634 - 644 CEUmar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire. The modern history is less well understood. The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be considered. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be considered. I do not yet have many details for the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, or late 19th century. Developments in the 20th century including Iraq and details of the early 20th century can be considered. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be followed in part. Developments of the late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be considered. In the late 20th century including the early 1980s, the late 1980s, the early 1990s, and the late 1990s there was warfare with neighboring Iran and with the United States. c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world. c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan. 1990 - 1991 Persian Gulf war. Saddam Hussein of Iraq invades and occupies Kuwait. President Bush leads a multinational coalition of forces to expel him and liberate Kuwait. The early 21st century can be considered. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 have been much concerned with warfare involving the United States. 2003. US -Iraq war The war in Iraq has continued through the late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008. Events of 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. Events of 2010 can be connected. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 can be connsidered. The second quarter 2010 can be connected. The third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including events of October 2010 and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 including July 2011 can be connected. The future will be discussed as the site develops. Other Sociology Other peoples of the world Particular nations such as Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana can be connected. Nations include: Iraq Other Asiatic peoples Mesopotamian peoples belong to Asiatic peoples along with Nepal. Other Middle Eastern peoples Mesopotamian peoples can be connected to Afghanistan. They have Levantine, Persian peoples such as those of Iran, Turkey and Arabian peoples as neighbors. There are more distant associatons with Egypt and North African peoples such as those of Algeria Morocco can be connected. Interactions with Central Asian peoples can be considered. South Asian peoples such as those of Bangladesh can be considered. Pakistan can be connected. India can be connected. Interactions with Southeast Asian peoples including those of Burma can be considered. Southeast Asian mainland peoples including those of Thailand can be connected. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam can be connected. The Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including the Philippines can be connected. Indonesia can be connected. Connections with Oriental peoples such as those of South Korea are also known. China can be connected. Japan can be connected. Connections with Western Civilization such as those of Canada can be made. Anglic peoples including those of the United Kingdom and Anglo-American peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Poland can be connected. Ukraine can be connected. Russia can be connected. Latin peoples including those of Spain can be connected. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be considered. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected. African peoples such as those of Uganda can be connected. Eastern African peoples including those of Kenya can be connected. Northern East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be connected. Interior East African peoples such as those of Sudan can be connected. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo DR can be considered. Western African peoples including those of Nigeria can be connected. There is little connection to American Indian peoples including those of Canada. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Southestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be connected. North American Indian peoples including those of the United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be considered. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected. Communities Important communities include: Baghdad Social structure and change Social change including particular changes, social change processes, and social change factors can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering society, horticultural society, agrarian society, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural struture, and anthropological structure can be connected. Institutions Religion including particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, secularism, pagan religion, and Asiatic religion can be connected. Government including particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be connected. Economics including economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be connected. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, research, and teaching can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be considered. Culture Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainment, occupations, and customs can be connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communications culture, transportation culture, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected. Anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be connected. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body can be connected. Science including biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics can be connected.

History

Prehistory

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, and early mid Pleistocene is obscured. Remains dating to the late mid Pleistocene can be identified. Other remains dating to the late Pleistocene have been identified.

For middle prehistory I do not yet have details of the period beginning 5th decamillennium BP, the 4th decamillennium BP, or the 3rd decamillennium BP. For the 2nd decamillennium BP, some remains of what are known as the Kebaran and Natufian cultures, and Pre-pottery Neolithic A cultures have been identified. Late prehistory can be connected. The early 8th millennium BC is associated with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, as is the late 8th millennium BC. In the early 7th millennium BC the Prepottery Neolithic B period seems to have ended. Sites such as Jarmo and the Halafian culture can be identified. In the late 6th millennium BC, Jarmo was still significant, and the Halafian culture seems to have been present. For the early 6th millennium BC I have few details, except that the Halafian culture can be followed. In the late 6th millennium BC, a chalcolithic pottery-making culture known as the Samarran culture can be identified.

Antiquity

In the 5th millennium BC these peoples were a major center of civilization. I have few details of the early 5th millennium BC, the early mid 5th millennium BC, the mid 5th millennium BC, the late mid 5th millennium BC, or the late 5th millennium BC. The 4th millennium BC can be connected. Writing made its earliest known appearance in Sumerian culture. Recorded history began and became more extensive with each following century. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC these peoples were an importance center of civilization, but I do not yet have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC. I do not yet have details of the 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the mid 2nd millenium BC, the late mid 2nd millennium BC, or the late 2nd millennium BC.

c. 2000 -1500 BC Approximate period of spread of Indo-European speaking peoples into Europe, Northern Middle East, and India.

I do not yet have details of the early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, or the 6th century BC.

c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire. .

In Classical and medieval times there was a break with antiquity. I do not yet have details of early classical times including the 5th century BC, 3th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, or 1st century BC. In late classical times, this area was between the Roman empire on one hand and the Parthian and Sassanid Persian empires on the other. I do not yet have detail for the 1st century CE, the 2nd century CE, the 3rd century CE, the 4th century CE, or the 5th century CE. During the early medieval period, these were conquered by followers of the new religion of Islam, which created a break with antiquity. I do not yet have details for the 6th century CE, the 7th century CE, the 8th century CE, the 9th century CE, or the 10th century CE. In the late medieval period, these people were invaded by the Mongols from central Asia. I do not have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century.

c. 300 BC Alexander conquers Persian empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, and reaches India
c 300 CE. Constantine adopts Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moves capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divides the Empire into Eastern and Western.
c. 522 - 565 CE.Justinian I rules as Byzantine (Eastern roman) Emperor and creates a code of Roman law.
634 - 644 CEUmar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire.

The modern history is less well understood. The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late-mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be considered. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be considered. I do not yet have many details for the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, or late 19th century.

Developments in the 20th century including Iraq and details of the early 20th century can be considered. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be followed in part. Developments of the late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be considered. In the late 20th century including the early 1980s, the late 1980s, the early 1990s, and the late 1990s there was warfare with neighboring Iran and with the United States.

c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world.
c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan.
1990 - 1991 Persian Gulf war. Saddam Hussein of Iraq invades and occupies Kuwait. President Bush leads a multinational coalition of forces to expel him and liberate Kuwait.

The early 21st century can be considered. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 have been much concerned with warfare involving the United States.

2003. US -Iraq war

The war in Iraq has continued through the late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008. Events of 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. Events of 2010 can be connected. Events of the first quarter 2010 including January 2010, February 2010, and March 2010 can be connsidered. The second quarter 2010 can be connected. The third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including events of October 2010 and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected.

The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 including July 2011 can be connected.

The future will be discussed as the site develops.

Other Sociology

Other peoples of the world

Particular nations such as Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana can be connected.

Nations include:

Iraq

Other Asiatic peoples

Mesopotamian peoples belong to Asiatic peoples along with Nepal.

Other Middle Eastern peoples

Mesopotamian peoples can be connected to Afghanistan. They have Levantine, Persian peoples such as those of Iran, Turkey and Arabian peoples as neighbors. There are more distant associatons with Egypt and North African peoples such as those of Algeria Morocco can be connected.

Interactions with Central Asian peoples can be considered. South Asian peoples such as those of Bangladesh can be considered. Pakistan can be connected. India can be connected. Interactions with Southeast Asian peoples including those of Burma can be considered. Southeast Asian mainland peoples including those of Thailand can be connected. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam can be connected. The Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including the Philippines can be connected. Indonesia can be connected. Connections with Oriental peoples such as those of South Korea are also known. China can be connected. Japan can be connected.

Connections with Western Civilization such as those of Canada can be made. Anglic peoples including those of the United Kingdom and Anglo-American peoples such as those of the United States can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Poland can be connected. Ukraine can be connected. Russia can be connected. Latin peoples including those of Spain can be connected. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be considered. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected.

African peoples such as those of Uganda can be connected. Eastern African peoples including those of Kenya can be connected. Northern East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be connected. Interior East African peoples such as those of Sudan can be connected. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo DR can be considered. Western African peoples including those of Nigeria can be connected.

There is little connection to American Indian peoples including those of Canada. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Southestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be connected. North American Indian peoples including those of the United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be considered. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected.

Communities

Important communities include:

Baghdad

Social structure and change

Social change including particular changes, social change processes, and social change factors can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering society, horticultural society, agrarian society, and industrial society can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural struture, and anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, secularism, pagan religion, and Asiatic religion can be connected. Government including particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be connected. Economics including economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be connected. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, research, and teaching can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be considered.

Culture

Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainment, occupations, and customs can be connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communications culture, transportation culture, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected.

Anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be connected. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body can be connected. Science including biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics can be connected.

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