Thermodynamics


Thermodynamics is approximately the study of temperature and heat and related quantities. It can be roughly divided into statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Physics Nonclassical thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics Statistical mechanics

Thermodynamics is approximately the study of temperature and heat and related quantities. It can be roughly divided into statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics.

Advanced thermodynamics

Advanced or nonclassical thermodynamics deals largely non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It includes studies of heat, or thermal conductivity and the like.

Classical thermodynamics

Classical thermodynamics deals with thermodynamic systems, processes which involve changes in states and systems, and states. It deals with variables that are observable at a human scale, not with the detailed microstructure of matter. It includes subjects such as temperature and heat, and includes the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics involves kinetic molecular theory: the theory that matter consists of molecules (or atoms) in motion. It relates the classical thermodynamic quanties of pressure, volume, and temperature to averages of large numbers of particles. Quantum statistical mechanics uses quantum theory.Relativistic statistical mechanics uses the special theory of relativity. Classical statistical mechanics uses classical mechanics.


History Heat was not well understood in prehistory. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC might be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, or late medieval times might be connected. Its scientific study is almost entirely modern. Progress in the 16th century was slow, but Galileo invented one version of a thermometer. In the 17th century, a more practctical thermometer was invented. The scientific understanding of heat began in the 18th century. The scientific understanding of heat developed substantially in the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. In the 20th century, there has been some progress in understanding and applying the science of thermodynamics. I do not yet have details of the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.
Connections of sociology to thermodynamics will include peoples of the world. This is best connected by far to Western civilization, although contributions of Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples may possibly be made.Communities can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can also be connected.
Connections to institutions including families, education, economics government, and religion may also at times be useful.
Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events is also important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is vital. Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, industrial technology, and other artifacts will also be useful.
Anthropology This includes particular groups. Human geography including European, Asian, African, North American, South American, and Oceanic geography may be useful. Human ecology and ohysical anthropology seem to be less directly useful. Demography including births, migration, deaths, population size and structure, and population change can be adapted to studies of geologists.Social foundations including presentation, social interaction, control, social group types, and social group behavior is somewhat useful.
Personal studies Biography will also be useful. Some biographical figures include: Galileo Maxwell Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals will be somewhat useful. The capabilities and limitations of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems have some connection.
Other Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology also presents some interesting problems. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology presents some interesting problems in thermodynamics. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy demonstrates numerous applications. Chemistry including systems, changes, and substances is a primary area of application of thermodynamics.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
Thermodynamics is also is closely connected to the structure of matter. The behavior of bulk matter including solids, liquids, and especially gases is a fundamental part of thermodynamics. Molecular physics including bonding, structure of molecules, and molecular behavior is highly important in thermodynamics. Atoms can be examined, not so much because of nuclei but more because of electronics. The behavior of subatomic particles including types and interactions has some influence. Quantum physics is applicable in special cases.Relativity is not especially useful, though general relativity is less important than special relativity. Thermodynamics does not depend heavily on electromagnetism, although this is often included in more advanced treatments of the subject. Optics including electromagnetic waves and geometric optics is rather indirectly useful, but physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum are very useful. Magnetism including current elements, electric curren assemblies, magnetic field, forces, flux, and propeties of matter is connected in advanced studies of thermodynamics. Electric current has thermodynamic effects, and areas of current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits are also somewhat useful. More details on electrostatics such as electric charge, charge distribution, electrical force, field, flux, and potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter and their combinations with thermnodynamic principles will be useful to examine. Thermodynamics is closely connected with mechanics.Gravitation including surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mecnaics has sometimes been tied to thermodynamics. Nonrigid mechanics can be considered. Wave mechanics are not often treated at an elemetary level. A basic treatment deals with certain simplified elements of fluid mechanics. Deformable bodies are often not treated ant an elementary level. Rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static systems, and rotational dynamics is often used. Concepts of rigid body description and motion are somewhat useful. Linear and angular acceleration, linear and angular velocity, and location and orientation seem to be indirectly useful. Extended bodies are significant Ideas from particle mechanics are sometimes useful. Systematics including simplified systems, particle interactions, and system properties will be very useful. Energetics and concepts of power, mechanical energy, and work are essential. Kinetics involving types and cases of force, concepts of force, momentum and mass is also fundamental. Kinematics involving types and cases of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position and particle description can be connected to thermodynamics.

History

Heat was not well understood in prehistory. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC might be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, or late medieval times might be connected.

Its scientific study is almost entirely modern. Progress in the 16th century was slow, but Galileo invented one version of a thermometer. In the 17th century, a more practctical thermometer was invented. The scientific understanding of heat began in the 18th century. The scientific understanding of heat developed substantially in the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. In the 20th century, there has been some progress in understanding and applying the science of thermodynamics. I do not yet have details of the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Connections of sociology to thermodynamics will include peoples of the world. This is best connected by far to Western civilization, although contributions of Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples may possibly be made.Communities can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can also be connected.

Connections to institutions including families, education, economics government, and religion may also at times be useful.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events is also important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is vital. Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, industrial technology, and other artifacts will also be useful.

Anthropology

This includes particular groups. Human geography including European, Asian, African, North American, South American, and Oceanic geography may be useful. Human ecology and ohysical anthropology seem to be less directly useful. Demography including births, migration, deaths, population size and structure, and population change can be adapted to studies of geologists.Social foundations including presentation, social interaction, control, social group types, and social group behavior is somewhat useful.

Personal studies

Biography will also be useful. Some biographical figures include:

Galileo
Maxwell

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals will be somewhat useful. The capabilities and limitations of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems have some connection.

Other Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology also presents some interesting problems. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology presents some interesting problems in thermodynamics. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy demonstrates numerous applications. Chemistry including systems, changes, and substances is a primary area of application of thermodynamics.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

Thermodynamics is also is closely connected to the structure of matter. The behavior of bulk matter including solids, liquids, and especially gases is a fundamental part of thermodynamics. Molecular physics including bonding, structure of molecules, and molecular behavior is highly important in thermodynamics. Atoms can be examined, not so much because of nuclei but more because of electronics. The behavior of subatomic particles including types and interactions has some influence. Quantum physics is applicable in special cases.Relativity is not especially useful, though general relativity is less important than special relativity.

Thermodynamics does not depend heavily on electromagnetism, although this is often included in more advanced treatments of the subject. Optics including electromagnetic waves and geometric optics is rather indirectly useful, but physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum are very useful. Magnetism including current elements, electric curren assemblies, magnetic field, forces, flux, and propeties of matter is connected in advanced studies of thermodynamics. Electric current has thermodynamic effects, and areas of current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits are also somewhat useful. More details on electrostatics such as electric charge, charge distribution, electrical force, field, flux, and potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter and their combinations with thermnodynamic principles will be useful to examine.

Thermodynamics is closely connected with mechanics.Gravitation including surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mecnaics has sometimes been tied to thermodynamics.

Nonrigid mechanics can be considered. Wave mechanics are not often treated at an elemetary level. A basic treatment deals with certain simplified elements of fluid mechanics. Deformable bodies are often not treated ant an elementary level.

Rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static systems, and rotational dynamics is often used. Concepts of rigid body description and motion are somewhat useful. Linear and angular acceleration, linear and angular velocity, and location and orientation seem to be indirectly useful. Extended bodies are significant

Ideas from particle mechanics are sometimes useful. Systematics including simplified systems, particle interactions, and system properties will be very useful. Energetics and concepts of power, mechanical energy, and work are essential. Kinetics involving types and cases of force, concepts of force, momentum and mass is also fundamental. Kinematics involving types and cases of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position and particle description can be connected to thermodynamics.