Particle Mechanics

Particle mechanics may be divided into areas of particle systems, energetics, kinetics, and kinematics.

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History

Particle mechanics may have been discussed in classical and medieval times. In modern times, it has developed considerably. A little progress was made in the 16th century, but much of it came in the 17th century with the work of Galileo and Newton. In the 18th century, this subject was developed mathematically. In the 19th century, including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late 19th century, and late mid 19th century, there was mostly mathematican development and applications. In the 20th century, it is regarded as nearly trivial by scientists, but almost mysterious by others. Developments in the early, early-mid, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century are associated principally with improved mothematical technique. This trend continues in the early 21st century. The future including the early future, middle future, and far future is unknown.

Sociology is of limited use at present. Developments in particle mechanics are associated with various peoples of the world. Nations can be examined, but most developments are associated with Western civilization, with some transfer to Asiatic peoples. African peoples and American Indian peoples have made few contributions. Communities and social structure and change can be connected.

Institutions including religion, government, economics, education, and families are also connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events may be significant.

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This depends far more heavily on conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy.

Material culture is somewhat useful. There is some use of industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts.

Anthropology appears to have fairly minimal connections.

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Particular groups do not appear to be useful at present.Human geography including connections to Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania can possibly be examined. Human geography is not easily applicable, and neither are physical anthropology or demography. Social foundations including social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and particular groups can possibly be connected.

Personal studies

Connections of personal studies to particle mechanics can also be made to some extent.

Biography is also useful. Contributors include:

• Aristotle
• Galileo
• Newton

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements may also be useful.

The human body serves as something of a standard of comparison of other objects, but does more in suggesting examples and problems in particle mechanics. Form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems may be useful.

Other Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology suggests examples and problems. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology also suggests examples and problems. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy suggests mostly examples and problems. Chemistry including chemical systems, changes, and substances has some connection, and suggests examples and problems.

The structure of matter is also connected. Physical particles, including Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, particles of bulk matter, and exotic matter all behave somewht differently than particles of theoretical mechanics, but in many cases these differences can be neglected. Quantum physics is applicable for real particles at the atomic and subatomic scale. Under special conditions, relativity theory, either the general theory or the special theory, may be applicable. Electromagnetism is applicable because of forces and causes of motion. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is also useful to different degrees. Magnetism, including circuit elements and assemblies, magnetic field, force, flux, and properties may also apply. Electric current including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits may also be useful. Electrostatics including electric charge, electric force, electric force, flux, potential, and electric properties of matter are sometimes useful. Thermodynamics including nonequilibrium mechanics, classical mechanics, and statistical mechanics can also be connected with some difficulty.

Principles of gravitation and celestial mechanics are applicable. Nonrigid celestial mechanics is usually not very useful in examining particle mechanics. Rigid body celestial mechanics is also applied. Particle celestial mechanics often appears in applied problems in particle mechanics, and principles of surface gravitation are regularly used in particle mechanics problems.

Particle mechanics also underlies nonrigid mechanics. Particular problems sometimes require principles of wave mechanics, fluid mechanics, and deformable bodies.

Particle mechanics is a special and simplified case of rigid body mechanics. Dynamic systems are the source for some challenging problems in particle mechanics. Static systems are sometimes used to illustrate concepts. Particles are not considered to rotate, so rotational dynamics is not of much use. Problems in rigid body description and motion often reduce to particle mechanics. These may include angular and linear acceleration, and angular and linear velocity. Particles have no orientation, but do have positions. They are considered mathematical points with mass but no shape and zero (or negligible) size .