Mechanics


Mechanics deals with the study of motion and energy of ordinary material objects. This portion of it is also called classical mechanics. Although it is often divided into statics and dynamics, this division is not used here. Instead, I have divided it as particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, general mechanics, and gravitation and celestial mechanics. The mechanics of objects moving at speeds a significant fraction of the speed of light, and where gravitation is very strong are dealt with in relativity, while the mechanics of objects at the atomic and smaller scales is dealt with in quantum physics.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Physics Gravitation Nonrigid mechanics Rigid body mechanics Particle mechanics

Mechanics deals with the study of motion and energy of ordinary material objects. This portion of it is also called classical mechanics. Although it is often divided into statics and dynamics, this division is not used here. Instead, I have divided it as particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, general mechanics, and gravitation and celestial mechanics.

The mechanics of objects moving at speeds a significant fraction of the speed of light, and where gravitation is very strong are dealt with in relativity, while the mechanics of objects at the atomic and smaller scales is dealt with in quantum physics.

Gravitation

Gravitation includes studies of celestial mechanics, which is divided into three broad areas: nonrigid celestial mechanics rigid body celestial mechanics, and particle celestial mechanics. Surface gravitation is a useful approximation.

Nonrigid mechanics

Nonrigid bodies includes wave mechanics, which includes studies of vibration and sound, fluid mechanics, and deformable solid bodies including elastic bodies.

Rigid body mechanics

Rigid bodies include studies of rotation and equilibrium, which include most of the studies of classical statics and dynamics. These are based heavily on elementary particle mechanics. This can be roughly divided into dynamic systems, static systems, rotational dynamics, and rigid body description and motion.

Particle mechanics

Particle mechanics can be roughly divided into areas of particle systems, energetics, kinetics, kinematics, and particle description.


History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC might be connected. Its modern form can be traced at least to the classical and medieval period with the Greeks and Romans. Early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be considered.	Links to other sites: Wikipedia - History of classical mechanics
Most of its development has come in the modern period. In the 16th century, a mathematical treatment of non-parallel forces was developed. In the 17th Century, Galileo revolutionized mechanics by introducing mathematics, experimental methods, and showing that many ideas of Aristotle were incorret, while later, Newton's work entirely revolutionized mechanics. In the 18th century, mathematical methods of increasing sophistication were worked out. In the 19th century, increasingly sophisticated mathematical methods were developed and applied to all areas of mechanics. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. In the 20th century, mechanics has been partly displaced by the newer subjects of subjects of relativity and quantum mechanics, but the advanced areas of nonrigid mechanics and gravitation are still being investigated. The early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. Events of the early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s will be noted. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.
Sociology The contributions of peoples are useful. Connections with particular nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be investigated. Principally, Western Civilization has made the most contributions, although some from Asiatic peoples may also be found. African and American Indian contributions have been minor. The application of communities and social structure and change including social structure, social types, and social change to mechanics will be useful. Institutions Religion including religious belief, practice, organization, and particular religions is also related. Government including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments have also influenced it. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems has also influenced it. Education is probably the most applicable area. Research in mechanics is principally confined to advanced areas. Teaching is fundamental to various other endeavors. Cultural institutions, school organization, and particular schools are useful. Families do not seem to be highly significant.
Culture Behavioral culture including cultural events and recreation and entertainment can also be applied to mechanics to some extent. Occupations including food-related occupations, building related occupations, transportation-related occupations, communication-related occupations, industrial occupation, and service occupations can be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs may be useful.	Links to related sites: Yahoo Directory - Mechanics Open Directory - Classical Mechanics Yahoo Directory - Mechanics - Amusement Park Ride Physics.
Conceptual culture Philosophy including, to varying degrees, metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and philosophical schools and doctrines can also be applied to mechanics. Within Applied science, applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, and engineering science are not directly useful. Measurement is by far the most applicable area. Most areas of mathematics, including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and foundations will be useful. Literature including oral tradition, literary forms, literary types, and particular works will be connected. Graphic arts such as drawing, painting, printmaking, cartography, photography, and computer graphics can also be useful. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important in mechanics. Material culture Miscellanous artifacts can be connected to physics. Communication technology involves numerous applications of physics, and has contributed to its advancement. Transportation technology involves numerous applications of physics. The application of clothing and dress is limited, The application of foodstuffs seems to be somewhat limited. Buildings including materials, parts, furnishings, complete buildings, and outdoor structures is also useful. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology is useful in study of mechanics.
Anthropology Particular groups can be examined.	Links to related sites:
Human geography may be a little more useful. Students of mechanics are found in Europe and Asia, but are scarce in Africa, more abundant in North America than South, and only present in limited numbers in Oceania. Human ecology and physical anthropology do not seem to apply directly to the study of mechanics. Demography including analogies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change may be useful. Social foundations is somewhat useful. Group behavior , social group types, interactions, social control, and presentation among physicists has been useful.
Personal studies	Links to related sites:
Biography of various individuals who have contributed to mechanics is also referred to in this section. These include: Aristotle Archimedes Galileo Newton There are other capabilities and limitations connected to psychology, including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavioral patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals. The human body including form, life cycle, diseases, body function, and body systems has various capabilities and limitations in the study of mechanics.
Other sciences The other physical and natural sciences of biology, earth science, astronomy, and chemistry are not particularly fundamental to mechanics, but principally illustrate and provide examples of its principles.	Links to related sites:
Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology may also suggest applications. Applications to earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology may also be significant. Applications to astronomy include cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy. Chemistry is principally an applied area. Chemical systems including solid, liquid, gas and plasma, inorganic, and organic systems will also be useful. Chemical change including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical change often produces mechanical effects. Particular substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements are often mentioned as examples of mechanical properties. Other Physics The structure of matter is also important. Principles of mechanics are most easily understood and illustrated using properties of bulk matter, including solids, liquids, gas, and plasmas. Molecular physics and atomic physics are accessible with difficulty. Although the fundamental principles of mechanics are ultimately based on subatomic physics, this approach can be extremely complicated. There are also connections to quantum physics and to relativity including general relativity and special relativity. Electromagnetism is often useful in mechanics. There are also connections to light and optics, including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Mechanics has important connections to magnetism including magnetic circuit elements, current assemblies, forces and fields, magnetic flux, and magnetic properties of matter. Electric current including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC curcuits are less directly connected. Principles of electrostatics including electric charge, electric charge distribution, electric force, electric field, electric flux, electric potential, capacitance, and electric properties of matter have mechanical effects. Thermodynamics has somewhat limited applications to mechanics. Nonclassical thermodynamics, including dynamic processes, states, and systems, classical thermodynamics including processes, states, and systems, and Statistical mechanics and quantum mechanical, relativistic, and classical versions of it all have some connections.

History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC might be connected. Its modern form can be traced at least to the classical and medieval period with the Greeks and Romans. Early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be considered.

Links to other sites:
Wikipedia - History of classical mechanics

Most of its development has come in the modern period. In the 16th century, a mathematical treatment of non-parallel forces was developed. In the 17th Century, Galileo revolutionized mechanics by introducing mathematics, experimental methods, and showing that many ideas of Aristotle were incorret, while later, Newton's work entirely revolutionized mechanics. In the 18th century, mathematical methods of increasing sophistication were worked out. In the 19th century, increasingly sophisticated mathematical methods were developed and applied to all areas of mechanics. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. In the 20th century, mechanics has been partly displaced by the newer subjects of subjects of relativity and quantum mechanics, but the advanced areas of nonrigid mechanics and gravitation are still being investigated. The early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. Events of the early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s will be noted.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

The contributions of peoples are useful. Connections with particular nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be investigated. Principally, Western Civilization has made the most contributions, although some from Asiatic peoples may also be found. African and American Indian contributions have been minor. The application of communities and social structure and change including social structure, social types, and social change to mechanics will be useful.

Institutions

Religion including religious belief, practice, organization, and particular religions is also related. Government including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments have also influenced it. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems has also influenced it. Education is probably the most applicable area. Research in mechanics is principally confined to advanced areas. Teaching is fundamental to various other endeavors. Cultural institutions, school organization, and particular schools are useful. Families do not seem to be highly significant.

Culture

Behavioral culture including cultural events and recreation and entertainment can also be applied to mechanics to some extent. Occupations including food-related occupations, building related occupations, transportation-related occupations, communication-related occupations, industrial occupation, and service occupations can be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs may be useful.

Links to related sites:
Yahoo Directory - Mechanics
Open Directory - Classical Mechanics
Yahoo Directory - Mechanics - Amusement Park Ride Physics.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including, to varying degrees, metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and philosophical schools and doctrines can also be applied to mechanics. Within Applied science, applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, and engineering science are not directly useful. Measurement is by far the most applicable area. Most areas of mathematics, including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and foundations will be useful. Literature including oral tradition, literary forms, literary types, and particular works will be connected. Graphic arts such as drawing, painting, printmaking, cartography, photography, and computer graphics can also be useful. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important in mechanics.

Material culture

Miscellanous artifacts can be connected to physics. Communication technology involves numerous applications of physics, and has contributed to its advancement. Transportation technology involves numerous applications of physics. The application of clothing and dress is limited, The application of foodstuffs seems to be somewhat limited. Buildings including materials, parts, furnishings, complete buildings, and outdoor structures is also useful. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology is useful in study of mechanics.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be examined.

Links to related sites:

Human geography may be a little more useful. Students of mechanics are found in Europe and Asia, but are scarce in Africa, more abundant in North America than South, and only present in limited numbers in Oceania.

Human ecology and physical anthropology do not seem to apply directly to the study of mechanics.

Demography including analogies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change may be useful.

Social foundations is somewhat useful. Group behavior , social group types, interactions, social control, and presentation among physicists has been useful.

Personal studies

Links to related sites:

Biography of various individuals who have contributed to mechanics is also referred to in this section. These include:

There are other capabilities and limitations connected to psychology, including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavioral patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals.

The human body including form, life cycle, diseases, body function, and body systems has various capabilities and limitations in the study of mechanics.

Other sciences

The other physical and natural sciences of biology, earth science, astronomy, and chemistry are not particularly fundamental to mechanics, but principally illustrate and provide examples of its principles.

Links to related sites:

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology may also suggest applications.

Applications to earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology may also be significant.

Applications to astronomy include cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy.

Chemistry is principally an applied area. Chemical systems including solid, liquid, gas and plasma, inorganic, and organic systems will also be useful. Chemical change including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical change often produces mechanical effects. Particular substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements are often mentioned as examples of mechanical properties.

Other Physics

The structure of matter is also important. Principles of mechanics are most easily understood and illustrated using properties of bulk matter, including solids, liquids, gas, and plasmas. Molecular physics and atomic physics are accessible with difficulty. Although the fundamental principles of mechanics are ultimately based on subatomic physics, this approach can be extremely complicated.

There are also connections to quantum physics and to relativity including general relativity and special relativity.

Electromagnetism is often useful in mechanics. There are also connections to light and optics, including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Mechanics has important connections to magnetism including magnetic circuit elements, current assemblies, forces and fields, magnetic flux, and magnetic properties of matter. Electric current including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC curcuits are less directly connected. Principles of electrostatics including electric charge, electric charge distribution, electric force, electric field, electric flux, electric potential, capacitance, and electric properties of matter have mechanical effects.

Thermodynamics has somewhat limited applications to mechanics. Nonclassical thermodynamics, including dynamic processes, states, and systems, classical thermodynamics including processes, states, and systems, and Statistical mechanics and quantum mechanical, relativistic, and classical versions of it all have some connections.