Geology


Geology includes mineralogy, petrology, landforms, plate tectonics, and interior geology.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Earth Science Minerals Petrology Landforms Geologic processes Interior geology

Geology includes mineralogy, petrology, landforms, plate tectonics, and interior geology.

Interior geology

Interior geology includes studies of the overall shape and form of the earth. It also includes primarily indirect observations of the inaccessible interior of the earth, including the inner core, outer core, mantle, and lower crust.

Geological processes

This includes study of such subjects as erosion, mountain building, volcanoes and earthquatkes, and plate tectonics, the movement and interactions of regions of the earth's crust.

Landforms

These are roughly classified by size or order. The lowest order deals with rock formations and strata, on the order of size of kilometers and smaller. The next order includes familiar features of the landscape, with sizes on the order of tens of kilometers. A higher order ingluces mountain ranges, basins, and plateaus with sizes on the order of hundreds of kilometers. The highest order includes continents and crustal plates.

Petrology

Petrology is the study of rock and its formation. The major classes of rocks are metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous. The study of soils, or pedology, also belongs in this category, most closely allied to sedimentary rock.

Minerals

Minerals are the chemical components of the solid earth, and can be divided primarily according to chemical composition. Other properties of minerals, useful in identification, can also be described.


History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Aspects of it can be identified in antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Other Sites: Not yet available
Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have detailed developments of the 16th century or 17th century. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected to geology. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected. The institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion will be useful in discussing geology. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will be significant. There are also connections to anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, human geography, human ecology, and particular groups. Personal studies, including biography, psychology, and the human body will be useful in studies of geology. It is somewhat connected to biology. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology all have influences. Geology is closely interconnected with geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, and hydrospheric science. Geology also makes use of astronomy. Cosmology and galactic astronomy can be set aside, and stellar astronomy is also not especially significant, but this depends heavily on planetary astronomy. There is some connection with solar system history. Geologic studies depend heavily on the sun, and there is a strong connection with solar planetary systems. Mercury, Venus, and Mars are all less significant than the earth (including the earth itself and the moon), which is also more significant than Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Minor bodies have some influence, but interaction with the interplanetary medium is insignificant. It also depends heavily on chemistry. Geological systems are primarily solid, with high temperature liquids and some interaction with gases also possible. They are primarily inorganic, though some organic chemistry is involved. Geology makes use of changes, mostly physical changes. Separation, mixing, melting, and freezing are the primary processes. There are some chemical reactions and nuclear reactions. It also uses substances heavily. The earth is chemically a mixture, mostly a heterogenous solid, but there are various types of solution in lesser quantities. It contains numerous chemical compounds. Organic compounds are present but not higly important. Inorganic compounds are far more significant. The minerals are chemical compounds, most of them silicates of some kind. Magnesium and iron silicates are denser and are found in the oceans and in the earth's mantle, while the continents are composed largely of sodium, potassium, and calcium aluminosilicates. These largely follow the abundances of the elements in astronomy. Geology uses physics extensively. This depends on the structure of matter. Bulk matter and molecular physics are used more than atomic physics, but subatomic physics and radiation are also useful. Quantum physics is only indirectly significant, and relativity is not particularly useful. Geology also uses electromagnetism. Optics is useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetic force, magnetic field, magnetic potential, magnetic flux, inductance, and magnetic properties of matter is significant. Electric current including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can be considered. Electrostatics including electric charge and distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential and electrical properties of matter is useful. Thermodynamics is also used in geology. Nonclassical thermodynamics and systems, states, and processes is also used. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes is often used. Statistical mechanics is as a rather low level to be useful, Mechanics is highly useful. Gravitation including surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and deformable body celestial mechanics is also useful. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is highly useful. Rigid body mechanics including concepts of description, rotation, statics, and dynamic systems is somewhat useful. Particle mechanics including basic concepts of particles, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, and particle systems is only minimally useful.

History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Aspects of it can be identified in antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Other Sites: Not yet available

Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have detailed developments of the 16th century or 17th century. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected to geology. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected.

The institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion will be useful in discussing geology. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will be significant. There are also connections to anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, human geography, human ecology, and particular groups.

Personal studies, including biography, psychology, and the human body will be useful in studies of geology.

It is somewhat connected to biology. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology all have influences.

Geology is closely interconnected with geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, and hydrospheric science.

Geology also makes use of astronomy. Cosmology and galactic astronomy can be set aside, and stellar astronomy is also not especially significant, but this depends heavily on planetary astronomy. There is some connection with solar system history. Geologic studies depend heavily on the sun, and there is a strong connection with solar planetary systems. Mercury, Venus, and Mars are all less significant than the earth (including the earth itself and the moon), which is also more significant than Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Minor bodies have some influence, but interaction with the interplanetary medium is insignificant.

It also depends heavily on chemistry. Geological systems are primarily solid, with high temperature liquids and some interaction with gases also possible. They are primarily inorganic, though some organic chemistry is involved. Geology makes use of changes, mostly physical changes. Separation, mixing, melting, and freezing are the primary processes. There are some chemical reactions and nuclear reactions. It also uses substances heavily. The earth is chemically a mixture, mostly a heterogenous solid, but there are various types of solution in lesser quantities. It contains numerous chemical compounds. Organic compounds are present but not higly important. Inorganic compounds are far more significant. The minerals are chemical compounds, most of them silicates of some kind. Magnesium and iron silicates are denser and are found in the oceans and in the earth's mantle, while the continents are composed largely of sodium, potassium, and calcium aluminosilicates. These largely follow the abundances of the elements in astronomy.

Geology uses physics extensively.

This depends on the structure of matter. Bulk matter and molecular physics are used more than atomic physics, but subatomic physics and radiation are also useful. Quantum physics is only indirectly significant, and relativity is not particularly useful.

Geology also uses electromagnetism. Optics is useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetic force, magnetic field, magnetic potential, magnetic flux, inductance, and magnetic properties of matter is significant. Electric current including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can be considered. Electrostatics including electric charge and distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential and electrical properties of matter is useful.

Thermodynamics is also used in geology. Nonclassical thermodynamics and systems, states, and processes is also used. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes is often used. Statistical mechanics is as a rather low level to be useful,

Mechanics is highly useful. Gravitation including surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and deformable body celestial mechanics is also useful. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is highly useful. Rigid body mechanics including concepts of description, rotation, statics, and dynamic systems is somewhat useful. Particle mechanics including basic concepts of particles, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, and particle systems is only minimally useful.

Top