Earth Science


Earth science includes principal divisions of geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and earth history.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Geology Hydrospheric science Atmospheric science Physical geography Geohistory

Earth science includes principal divisions of geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and earth history.

Science

Geology

Geology includes subdivisions of mineralogy, petrology, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology.

Hydrospheric science

Hydrospheric science includes major divisions of oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and fresh water.

Atmospheric science

Atmospheric science includes studies of atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology.

Physical geography deals with the geologic, hydrograpic, and climatic aspects of particular regions of the earth. All divisions of the earth are arbitrary, but certain of them can be identified: These are the oceans and the continents.

Geohistory

Earth history can be divided into four major periods: The Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. In this section, geologic history is of greatest interest, although it is closely connected to life on the earth, which is studied in biohistory.


Other sciences Earth science makes substantial use of physics. Mechanics is used extensively. Particle mechanics including particle systems is somewhat useful. The earth and earth systems can only be described as particles in very limited circumstances. Kinematics including concepts of position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion is useful. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and types and cases of force is also useful. Energetics including work, energy, and power also includes some fundamental concepts. Oarticle systems including system properties, interactions, and simplified systems can be used.	Links to other Sites: Yahoo directory - Earth Sciences
Rigid body mechanics including rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is much more applicable. Rigid body description and motion including extended bodies and position, orientation, linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration can be identified. Nonrigid mechanics and studies of elastic bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanic is most useful. Gravitation is used fairly heavily. Surface gravitation is part of it. Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics can also be applied. In Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics is at too small a scale to be really useful. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes, and nonclassical thermodynamics including advanced versions of systems, states, and process are used more. Electromagnetism is also useful. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distributios, electric force, field, flux, capactitance, and electrical properties of matter is somewhat useful. Electric current with current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be used. Magnetism is useful because the earth has a magnetic field. Electric current elements, current assemblages, field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter are all useful. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is also useful. Relativity theory including special relativity and general relativity is little used. Quantum physics is also little used. The structure of matter including parts of subatomic physics with particles and interactions is significant. Application of atomic physics includes some nuclear but more atomic electronic physics. Molecular physics including chemical bonding, moleculr structure, and molecular interaction can also be applied. Studies of bulk matter and its traditional forms of solids, liquids, gases, and also plasma is highly useful. Earth science depends heavily on chemistry. The materials of which the earth is made are chemical substances. Its chemical composition begins with a study of the elements it is composed of. Hydrogen is found principally in the form of its compounds, since it is a light, volatile gas and escapes from the lower atmosphere. Composition continues with compounds and mixtures. Changes in the earth's materials are chemical changes including nuclear reactions of radioactive decay and fission. Fusion rarely occurs. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical arrangement, electronic rearrangment, chemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and specific reactions are vital. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are also vital. Chemical systems including solid, liguid, gaesous, inorganic, and organic systems are all important in various parts of earth study. It depends heavily on certain areas of astronomy. It depends most heavily on solar system astronomy. The sun is important, and Solar planetary systems are also essential because earth is one of the inner planets. The gas giants and outer dwarfs planets are not as significan. Smaller bodies and the interplanetary medium are connected, and it is connected to solar system history. It is not quite as well connected to stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clustes, and astrocartography. Galactic astronomy and cosmology are only very indirectly applicable. Earth science is closely connected to biology. Processes of molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipits, proteins, and nucleic acids, may affect the entire earth. Cell biology including anatomy, behavior, and types is more useful. Organism biology including habitat, tisses, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Systematics incuding microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are also significant. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography will be useful. Biohistory including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras is also important. Personal studies The capabilities and limitations of the human body have some connection to this. Body systems and functions, disease, life cycle, and form are somewhat indirectly useful. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavioral patterns, mental disorders, developmental psychology, personality, and social psychology is also important, and the biography list will refer to particular scientists and students. Columbus Newton Anthropology Social foundations including presentation, interaction, social control, social group types, and group behavior among earth scientists are useful. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change seems to be weakly connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion seems to be weakly connected. Human ecology including environmental impacts on people, other life forms, and human change of the environment is more important. Human geography including divisions of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania is closely connected to it, and some particular groups will also focus on it. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other acrtifacts will be useful. Conceptual culture is especially valuable. Language and graphic arts are useful. There are valuable connections with literature and literary works. Mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be applied. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families seem to be moderately useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be very useful. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government has sponsored a great deal of research in it, and law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be connected. Religion has had an important influence, and religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. Religious influence can be outlined by examining particular traditions such as Abrahamic, Asiatic, Secular, and pagan traditions. Sociology Social structure and change including social structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be identified. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be identified. Peoples give particular examples of the study of earth science. African peoples can be connected. Some information can be gathered from particular nations, starting with Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Russia has been most influential. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States have contributed substantially. Latin peoples including those of Brazil seem to have contributed less. Asiatic peoples including Bangladesh have contributed to earth science. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed. Oriental peoples including China have contributed. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be connected. American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States and Brazil have made few direct contributions to earth science. History Earth science has been a subject of study since prehistory and antiquity, and significant findings were made in classical and medieval times, including early and late medieval times. Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have many developments of the 16th century or the 17th century listed. 1492-1504 In four voyages, Columbus brings awareness of the "New World" of the Americas to the "Old World" of Europe and Asia. 1497-1499 da Gama reaches India by sailing around Africa, initiating the European exploration and exploitation of Asia and Africa. 1519 - 1521. Magellan leads first expedition to sail around the world. In the 18th century, there was exploration of the various phenomena of earth science, including increased mapping, and increasingly scientific observation of atmospheric phenoma, such as the weather. In the 19th century, geology developed as a science, studies of the oceans and understanding of the water cycle, and the beginnings of understanding of the weather and climate developed. Exploration, discovery, and mapping of the surface of the earth, except for the far arctic and antarctic regions, was essentially complete. Details of the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid-19th century, the late-mid 19th century, and the late 19th century are incomplete. In the 20th Century, understanding of physics, chemistry, and astronomy, and biology, and techniques of drilling, submarine vehicles, aeronautics, and space technology have all vastly improved understanding of the earth. For instance, in the early 20th century, in 1901 - 1908 Marconi's use of radio for long-distance communication illustrated properties of the upper atmosphere. In the early-mid 20th century, the use of aircraft also began to enhance study of the earth sciences. Progress in all areas of earth science has continued in the mid 20th century , late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century. The early 2000s and late 2000s down to 2006 and 2007 can be considered. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September can be considered. 5 Sep 2008 Estimates of sea-level rise due to global warming were scaled back. 15 Sept 2008 - NASA scientists reported that the Ozone hole over the Antarctic had reached its largest expanse, 27 million square kilometers vs 26 million square kilometers in 2006. European Scientists at ESA concurred. The fourth quarter can be considered. Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is unpredictable.

Other sciences

Earth science makes substantial use of physics. Mechanics is used extensively. Particle mechanics including particle systems is somewhat useful. The earth and earth systems can only be described as particles in very limited circumstances. Kinematics including concepts of position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion is useful. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and types and cases of force is also useful. Energetics including work, energy, and power also includes some fundamental concepts. Oarticle systems including system properties, interactions, and simplified systems can be used.

Links to other Sites:
Yahoo directory - Earth Sciences

Rigid body mechanics including rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is much more applicable. Rigid body description and motion including extended bodies and position, orientation, linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration can be identified. Nonrigid mechanics and studies of elastic bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanic is most useful. Gravitation is used fairly heavily. Surface gravitation is part of it. Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics can also be applied.

In Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics is at too small a scale to be really useful. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes, and nonclassical thermodynamics including advanced versions of systems, states, and process are used more. Electromagnetism is also useful. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distributios, electric force, field, flux, capactitance, and electrical properties of matter is somewhat useful. Electric current with current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be used. Magnetism is useful because the earth has a magnetic field. Electric current elements, current assemblages, field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter are all useful. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is also useful. Relativity theory including special relativity and general relativity is little used. Quantum physics is also little used. The structure of matter including parts of subatomic physics with particles and interactions is significant. Application of atomic physics includes some nuclear but more atomic electronic physics. Molecular physics including chemical bonding, moleculr structure, and molecular interaction can also be applied. Studies of bulk matter and its traditional forms of solids, liquids, gases, and also plasma is highly useful.

Earth science depends heavily on chemistry. The materials of which the earth is made are chemical substances. Its chemical composition begins with a study of the elements it is composed of. Hydrogen is found principally in the form of its compounds, since it is a light, volatile gas and escapes from the lower atmosphere. Composition continues with compounds and mixtures. Changes in the earth's materials are chemical changes including nuclear reactions of radioactive decay and fission. Fusion rarely occurs. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical arrangement, electronic rearrangment, chemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and specific reactions are vital. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are also vital. Chemical systems including solid, liguid, gaesous, inorganic, and organic systems are all important in various parts of earth study.

It depends heavily on certain areas of astronomy. It depends most heavily on solar system astronomy. The sun is important, and Solar planetary systems are also essential because earth is one of the inner planets. The gas giants and outer dwarfs planets are not as significan. Smaller bodies and the interplanetary medium are connected, and it is connected to solar system history. It is not quite as well connected to stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clustes, and astrocartography. Galactic astronomy and cosmology are only very indirectly applicable.

Earth science is closely connected to biology. Processes of molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipits, proteins, and nucleic acids, may affect the entire earth. Cell biology including anatomy, behavior, and types is more useful. Organism biology including habitat, tisses, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Systematics incuding microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are also significant. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography will be useful. Biohistory including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras is also important.

Personal studies

The capabilities and limitations of the human body have some connection to this. Body systems and functions, disease, life cycle, and form are somewhat indirectly useful. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavioral patterns, mental disorders, developmental psychology, personality, and social psychology is also important, and the biography list will refer to particular scientists and students.

Anthropology

Social foundations including presentation, interaction, social control, social group types, and group behavior among earth scientists are useful. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change seems to be weakly connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion seems to be weakly connected. Human ecology including environmental impacts on people, other life forms, and human change of the environment is more important. Human geography including divisions of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania is closely connected to it, and some particular groups will also focus on it.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other acrtifacts will be useful. Conceptual culture is especially valuable. Language and graphic arts are useful. There are valuable connections with literature and literary works. Mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be applied.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families seem to be moderately useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be very useful. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government has sponsored a great deal of research in it, and law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be connected. Religion has had an important influence, and religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. Religious influence can be outlined by examining particular traditions such as Abrahamic, Asiatic, Secular, and pagan traditions.

Sociology

Social structure and change including social structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be identified. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be identified. Peoples give particular examples of the study of earth science. African peoples can be connected. Some information can be gathered from particular nations, starting with Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Russia has been most influential. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States have contributed substantially. Latin peoples including those of Brazil seem to have contributed less. Asiatic peoples including Bangladesh have contributed to earth science. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed. Oriental peoples including China have contributed. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be connected. American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States and Brazil have made few direct contributions to earth science.

History

Earth science has been a subject of study since prehistory and antiquity, and significant findings were made in classical and medieval times, including early and late medieval times. Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have many developments of the 16th century or the 17th century listed.

1492-1504 In four voyages, Columbus brings awareness of the "New World" of the Americas to the "Old World" of Europe and Asia.
1497-1499 da Gama reaches India by sailing around Africa, initiating the European exploration and exploitation of Asia and Africa.
1519 - 1521. Magellan leads first expedition to sail around the world.

In the 18th century, there was exploration of the various phenomena of earth science, including increased mapping, and increasingly scientific observation of atmospheric phenoma, such as the weather.

In the 19th century, geology developed as a science, studies of the oceans and understanding of the water cycle, and the beginnings of understanding of the weather and climate developed. Exploration, discovery, and mapping of the surface of the earth, except for the far arctic and antarctic regions, was essentially complete. Details of the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid-19th century, the late-mid 19th century, and the late 19th century are incomplete.

In the 20th Century, understanding of physics, chemistry, and astronomy, and biology, and techniques of drilling, submarine vehicles, aeronautics, and space technology have all vastly improved understanding of the earth. For instance, in the early 20th century, in 1901 - 1908 Marconi's use of radio for long-distance communication illustrated properties of the upper atmosphere. In the early-mid 20th century, the use of aircraft also began to enhance study of the earth sciences. Progress in all areas of earth science has continued in the mid 20th century , late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century. The early 2000s and late 2000s down to 2006 and 2007 can be considered. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September can be considered.

5 Sep 2008 Estimates of sea-level rise due to global warming were scaled back.

15 Sept 2008 - NASA scientists reported that the Ozone hole over the Antarctic had reached its largest expanse, 27 million square kilometers vs 26 million square kilometers in 2006. European Scientists at ESA concurred.

The fourth quarter can be considered.

Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is unpredictable.

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