Earth Science


Earth science includes principal divisions of earth history, physical geography, geology, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Geohistory Physical geography Atmospheric science Hydrospheric science Geology

Earth science includes principal divisions of earth history, physical geography, geology, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology.

Science

Geohistory

Earth history can be divided into four major periods: The Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. In this section, geologic history is of greatest interest, although it is closely connected to life on the earth, which is studied in biohistory.

Physical geography

Physical geography deals with the geologic, hydrograpic, and climatic aspects of particular regions of the earth. All divisions of the earth are arbitrary, but certain of them can be identified: These are the oceans and the continents.

Atmospheric science

Atmospheric science includes studies of atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology.

Hydrospheric science

Hydrospheric science includes major divisions of oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and fresh water.

Geology

Geology includes subdivisions of mineralogy, petrology, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology.


History Earth science has been a subject of study since prehistory and antiquity, and significant findings were made in classical and medieval times, including early and late medieval times. Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have many developments of the 16th century or the 17th century listed. 1492-1504 In four voyages, Columbus brings awareness of the "New World" of the Americas to the "Old World" of Europe and Asia. 1497-1499 da Gama reaches India by sailing around Africa, initiating the European exploration and exploitation of Asia and Africa. 1519 - 1521. Magellan leads first expedition to sail around the world. In the 18th century, there was exploration of the various phenomena of earth science, including increased mapping, and increasingly scientific observation of atmospheric phenoma, such as the weather. I do not yet have specific details for the early 18th century, early mid-18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, or late 19th century. In the 19th century, geology developed as a science, studies of the oceans and understanding of the water cycle, and the beginnings of understanding of the weather and climate developed. Exploration, discovery, and mapping of the surface of the earth, except for the far arctic and antarctic regions, was essentially complete. Details of the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid-19th century, the late-mid 19th century, and the late 19th century are incomplete. In the 20th Century, understanding of physics, chemistry, and astronomy, and biology, and techniques of drilling, submarine vehicles, aeronautics, and space technology have all vastly improved understanding of the earth. For instance, in the early 20th century, in 1901 - 1908 Marconi's use of radio for long-distance communication illustrated properties of the upper atmosphere. In the early-mid 20th century, the use of aircraft also began to enhance study of the earth sciences. Progress in all areas of earth science has continued in the mid 20th century , late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century. The early 2000s and late 2000s down to 2006 and 2007 can be considered. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September can be considered. 5 Sep 2008 Estimates of sea-level rise due to global warming were scaled back. 15 Sept 2008 - NASA scientists reported that the Ozone hole over the Antarctic had reached its largest expanse, 27 million square kilometers vs 26 million square kilometers in 2006. European Scientists at ESA concurred. The fourth quarter including October and November can be connected. Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is unpredictable. Sociology Peoples give particular examples of the study of earth science. African peoples can be connected. Some information can be gathered from particular nations, starting with Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Russia has been most influential. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States have contributed substantially. Latin peoples including those of Brazil seem to have contributed less. Asiatic peoples including Bangladesh have contributed to earth science. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed. Oriental peoples including China have contributed. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be connected. American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States and Brazil have made few direct contributions to earth science. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be identified. Social structure and change including social structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be identified. Institutions Religion has had an important influence, and religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. Religious influence can be outlined by examining particular traditions such as Abrahamic, Asiatic, Secular, and pagan traditions. Government has sponsored a great deal of research in it, and law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be very useful. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families seem to be moderately useful. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be applied. Conceptual culture is especially valuable. Language and graphic arts are useful. There are valuable connections with literature and literary works. Mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other acrtifacts will be useful. Anthropology Some particular groups focus on earth science. Human geography including divisions of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania is closely connected to it. Human ecology including environmental impacts on people, other life forms, and human change of the environment is more important. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion seems to be weakly connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and births seems to be weakly connected. Social foundations including group behavior, social group types, social control interaction, and social presentation among earth scientists are useful. Personal studies The biography list will refer to particular scientists and students. Columbus Newton Psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements is also important. The capabilities and limitations of the human body have some connection to this. Form and appearance, life cycle, disease, and body functions and systems are somewhat indirectly useful.
Other sciences Earth science is closely connected to biology. Biohistory including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras is also important. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography will be useful. Systematics incuding microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are also significant. Organism biology including habitat, tisses, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Cell biology including anatomy, behavior, and types are useful. Processes of molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, may affect the entire earth.	Links to other Sites: Yahoo directory - Earth Sciences
It depends heavily on certain areas of astronomy. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are only very indirectly applicable. It is not quite as well connected to stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clustes, and astrocartography. It depends most heavily on solar system astronomy. The sun is important, and Solar planetary systems are also essential because earth is one of the inner planets. The gas giants and outer dwarfs planets are not as significan. Smaller bodies and the interplanetary medium are connected, and it is connected to solar system history. Earth science depends heavily on chemistry. Chemical systems including solid, liguid, gaesous, inorganic, and organic systems are all important in various parts of earth study. Changes in the earth's materials are chemical changes. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are vital. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical arrangement, electronic rearrangment, chemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and specific reactions are vital. Nuclear reactions of radioactive decay and fission. Fusion rarely occurs. The materials of which the earth is made are chemical substances. Composition includes with and mixtures compounds. Its chemical composition includes with a study of the elements it is composed of. Hydrogen is found principally in the form of its compounds, since it is a light, volatile gas and escapes from the lower atmosphere. Earth science makes substantial use of physics. The structure of matter is especially important. Studies of bulk matter and its traditional forms of solids, liquids, gases, and also plasma is highly useful. Parts of subatomic physics with particles and interactions is significant. Application of atomic physics includes some nuclear but more atomic electronic physics. Molecular physics including chemical bonding, moleculr structure, and molecular interaction can also be applied. Quantum physics is also little used. Relativity theory including general relativity and special relativity is little used. Electromagnetism is also useful. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distributios, electric force, field, flux, capactitance, and electrical properties of matter is somewhat useful. Electric current with current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be used. Magnetism is useful because the earth has a magnetic field. Electric current elements, current assemblages, field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter are all useful. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is also useful. In Thermodynamics nonclassical thermodynamics including advanced versions of systems, states, and process is useful.Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes is also useful. Statistical mechanics is at too small a scale to be really useful. Mechanics is used extensively. Gravitation is used fairly heavily. Surface gravitation is part of it. Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics can also be applied. Nonrigid mechanics and studies of elastic bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is most useful. Rigid body mechanics including rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is much more applicable. Rigid body description and motion including extended bodies and position, orientation, linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration can be identified. Particle mechanics including particle systems is somewhat useful. Particle systems including system properties, interactions, and simplified systems can be used. Energetics including work, energy, and power also includes some fundamental concepts. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and types and cases of force is also useful. Kinematics including concepts of types and cases of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position is udeful. The earth and earth systems can only be described as particles in very limited circumstances.

History

Earth science has been a subject of study since prehistory and antiquity, and significant findings were made in classical and medieval times, including early and late medieval times. Many of its important developments are modern. I do not yet have many developments of the 16th century or the 17th century listed.

1492-1504 In four voyages, Columbus brings awareness of the "New World" of the Americas to the "Old World" of Europe and Asia.
1497-1499 da Gama reaches India by sailing around Africa, initiating the European exploration and exploitation of Asia and Africa.
1519 - 1521. Magellan leads first expedition to sail around the world.

In the 18th century, there was exploration of the various phenomena of earth science, including increased mapping, and increasingly scientific observation of atmospheric phenoma, such as the weather. I do not yet have specific details for the early 18th century, early mid-18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, or late 19th century.

In the 19th century, geology developed as a science, studies of the oceans and understanding of the water cycle, and the beginnings of understanding of the weather and climate developed. Exploration, discovery, and mapping of the surface of the earth, except for the far arctic and antarctic regions, was essentially complete. Details of the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid-19th century, the late-mid 19th century, and the late 19th century are incomplete.

In the 20th Century, understanding of physics, chemistry, and astronomy, and biology, and techniques of drilling, submarine vehicles, aeronautics, and space technology have all vastly improved understanding of the earth. For instance, in the early 20th century, in 1901 - 1908 Marconi's use of radio for long-distance communication illustrated properties of the upper atmosphere. In the early-mid 20th century, the use of aircraft also began to enhance study of the earth sciences. Progress in all areas of earth science has continued in the mid 20th century , late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century. The early 2000s and late 2000s down to 2006 and 2007 can be considered. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September can be considered.

5 Sep 2008 Estimates of sea-level rise due to global warming were scaled back.

15 Sept 2008 - NASA scientists reported that the Ozone hole over the Antarctic had reached its largest expanse, 27 million square kilometers vs 26 million square kilometers in 2006. European Scientists at ESA concurred.

The fourth quarter including October and November can be connected.

Its future including the near future, middle future, and far future is unpredictable.

Sociology

Peoples give particular examples of the study of earth science. African peoples can be connected. Some information can be gathered from particular nations, starting with Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Russia has been most influential. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States have contributed substantially. Latin peoples including those of Brazil seem to have contributed less. Asiatic peoples including Bangladesh have contributed to earth science. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed. Oriental peoples including China have contributed. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be connected. American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States and Brazil have made few direct contributions to earth science. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be identified. Social structure and change including social structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be identified.

Institutions

Religion has had an important influence, and religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. Religious influence can be outlined by examining particular traditions such as Abrahamic, Asiatic, Secular, and pagan traditions. Government has sponsored a great deal of research in it, and law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be very useful. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families seem to be moderately useful.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be applied. Conceptual culture is especially valuable. Language and graphic arts are useful. There are valuable connections with literature and literary works. Mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other acrtifacts will be useful.

Anthropology

Some particular groups focus on earth science. Human geography including divisions of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania is closely connected to it. Human ecology including environmental impacts on people, other life forms, and human change of the environment is more important. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion seems to be weakly connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and births seems to be weakly connected. Social foundations including group behavior, social group types, social control interaction, and social presentation among earth scientists are useful.

Personal studies

The biography list will refer to particular scientists and students.

Psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements is also important. The capabilities and limitations of the human body have some connection to this. Form and appearance, life cycle, disease, and body functions and systems are somewhat indirectly useful.

Other sciences

Earth science is closely connected to biology. Biohistory including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras is also important. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, systems ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography will be useful. Systematics incuding microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are also significant. Organism biology including habitat, tisses, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Cell biology including anatomy, behavior, and types are useful. Processes of molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, may affect the entire earth.

Links to other Sites:
Yahoo directory - Earth Sciences

It depends heavily on certain areas of astronomy. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are only very indirectly applicable. It is not quite as well connected to stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clustes, and astrocartography. It depends most heavily on solar system astronomy. The sun is important, and Solar planetary systems are also essential because earth is one of the inner planets. The gas giants and outer dwarfs planets are not as significan. Smaller bodies and the interplanetary medium are connected, and it is connected to solar system history.

Earth science depends heavily on chemistry. Chemical systems including solid, liguid, gaesous, inorganic, and organic systems are all important in various parts of earth study. Changes in the earth's materials are chemical changes. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are vital. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical arrangement, electronic rearrangment, chemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and specific reactions are vital. Nuclear reactions of radioactive decay and fission. Fusion rarely occurs. The materials of which the earth is made are chemical substances. Composition includes with and mixtures compounds. Its chemical composition includes with a study of the elements it is composed of. Hydrogen is found principally in the form of its compounds, since it is a light, volatile gas and escapes from the lower atmosphere.

Earth science makes substantial use of physics.

The structure of matter is especially important. Studies of bulk matter and its traditional forms of solids, liquids, gases, and also plasma is highly useful. Parts of subatomic physics with particles and interactions is significant. Application of atomic physics includes some nuclear but more atomic electronic physics. Molecular physics including chemical bonding, moleculr structure, and molecular interaction can also be applied.

Quantum physics is also little used. Relativity theory including general relativity and special relativity is little used. Electromagnetism is also useful. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distributios, electric force, field, flux, capactitance, and electrical properties of matter is somewhat useful. Electric current with current definition, EMF, resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be used. Magnetism is useful because the earth has a magnetic field. Electric current elements, current assemblages, field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter are all useful. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is also useful. In Thermodynamics nonclassical thermodynamics including advanced versions of systems, states, and process is useful.Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes is also useful. Statistical mechanics is at too small a scale to be really useful.

Mechanics is used extensively.

Gravitation is used fairly heavily. Surface gravitation is part of it. Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics can also be applied. Nonrigid mechanics and studies of elastic bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is most useful. Rigid body mechanics including rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is much more applicable. Rigid body description and motion including extended bodies and position, orientation, linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration can be identified.

Particle mechanics including particle systems is somewhat useful. Particle systems including system properties, interactions, and simplified systems can be used. Energetics including work, energy, and power also includes some fundamental concepts. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and types and cases of force is also useful. Kinematics including concepts of types and cases of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position is udeful. The earth and earth systems can only be described as particles in very limited circumstances.

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