Chemical Systems


This section will include major fields of chemistry such as solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic chemistry. These divisions are not mutually exclusive and may tend to overlap.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Gas and Plasma Chemistry Liquid Chemistry Solid Chemistry

This section will include major fields of chemistry such as solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic chemistry. These divisions are not mutually exclusive and may tend to overlap.

Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry refers chiefly to the study of carbon compounds, although a few of these are also included in inorganic chemistry, so there is some overlap. Many concepts and methods, however, are distinct.

Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is primarily the study of substances other than carbon containing compounds and their reactions.

Gas and plasma chemistry

Gas and plasma chemistry is the study of substances and their reactions in the gas and plasma phases. Hydrogen based chemistry is one of the larger subdivisions.

Liquid chemistry

Liquid chemistry is concerned with the study of chemical changes that occur in liquid solutions. Aqueous chemistry, where water is the solvent, is by far the greatest subdivision.

Solid chemistry

Solid chemistry is primarily the study of subtances in the solid state. Chemical reactions in solids are generally quite slow, so this emphasizes reactions at solid sufaces and physical changes during melting and solidification.


History The study of chemical systems is an old part of chemistry, but some of its divisions are fairly new. Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
In modern times, by far the greatest body of knowledge has developed. The 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, and 19th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can also be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world including nations and particular groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected. Institutions including religion, government, economics, education, and families can be connected. Connections of culture must be deferred until another time. Anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be considered. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body will eventually be useful. Biology including biohistory, ecology, syatematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology will include examples of chemical systems. Chemical systems are present in astronomy, but are not yet clearly defined. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and Solar system astronomy will include examples. In earth science, geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrologic science, and geology include examples. The changes, including nuclear reactions and chemical reactions that take place in them are also significant. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are also significant. They depend heavily on substances. They may include elements in uncombined form. The periodic table is indirectly useful: Element classification based on it is a little more useful. compounds, or most likely mixtures are important. Chemical systems also make heavy use of physics. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important. Quantum mechanics and relativity are less directly useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, andoptics is also important. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics is vital. Mechanics is useful. Particle mechanics including particle description, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, and particle systems is mostly indirectly useful. Rigid body mechanics including rigid body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is also chiefly indirectly useful. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable body mechanics, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is useful. Gravitation is minimally useful. Suface gravitation is more useful than other areas.

History

The study of chemical systems is an old part of chemistry, but some of its divisions are fairly new. Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

In modern times, by far the greatest body of knowledge has developed. The 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, and 19th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can also be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world including nations and particular groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected.

Institutions including religion, government, economics, education, and families can be connected. Connections of culture must be deferred until another time. Anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be considered. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body will eventually be useful.

Biology including biohistory, ecology, syatematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology will include examples of chemical systems. Chemical systems are present in astronomy, but are not yet clearly defined. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and Solar system astronomy will include examples. In earth science, geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrologic science, and geology include examples.

The changes, including nuclear reactions and chemical reactions that take place in them are also significant. Physical changes including melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation, mixing, and separation are also significant. They depend heavily on substances. They may include elements in uncombined form. The periodic table is indirectly useful: Element classification based on it is a little more useful. compounds, or most likely mixtures are important.

Chemical systems also make heavy use of physics. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important. Quantum mechanics and relativity are less directly useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, andoptics is also important. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics is vital. Mechanics is useful. Particle mechanics including particle description, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, and particle systems is mostly indirectly useful. Rigid body mechanics including rigid body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems is also chiefly indirectly useful. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable body mechanics, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is useful. Gravitation is minimally useful. Suface gravitation is more useful than other areas.