Substances


There are three major categories of substances: mixtures, compounds, and elements.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Chemistry Mixtures Compounds Elements

There are three major categories of substances: mixtures, compounds, and elements.

Mixtures

The study of mixtures includes solutions and heterogenous mixtures including dispersions.

There are millions of known and potential chemical compounds; many of their properties are unknown, and only a few of the more important ones are considered here. Major categories include organic compounds and inorganic compounds.

Elements

An alphabetical list is included. Discussion of element classes and periodic groupings can be considered, and a version of the Periodic table of elements is included.


History Various chemical substances and knowledge about them have been considered throughought history. Many have been known since prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Others were identified in classical and medieval times, including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times. Others are entirely modern. The 16th century, 17th century and 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. Numerous substances were identified in this period. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far futur can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world including nations and major groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected. various substances are known differently in different communities because of differences in techological capabilities, partly considered in social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure. Institutions Families are not particularly important, but education often is. Chemical substances may be produced by economic activity. Government has some connection, but religion does not have a great deal. Culture is applicable to chemical substances. This is fairly closely tied to material culture, and conceptial and behavioral culture are also highly important. Connections to anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be developed. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body can be connected.
Connections to biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology and earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, and geology will help shape development of this subject. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy will provide examples of various different substances.	Other Sites: Not yet available
Substances are connected to chemical systems including organic systems, inorganic systems, gas systems, liquid systems, and solid systems. Substances are closely connected to studies of the changes they may undergo. These may include physical changes, chemical reactions, or nuclear reactions. Substances are also connected heavily to physics. The structure of matter is nearly inseparable from chemical substances. Bulk matter is nearly inseparable from this topic. Molecular physics is vital because molecules are among the smallest units of compounds. Atomic physics is vital, because atoms are the smallest units of chemical elements. Subatomic physics and radiation including three basic particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons, and their interactions is essential. Quantum physics is important, but relativity is less useful. Electromagnetic properties are vital to the study of substances. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter somewhat useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits is also useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblies, magnetic field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter is also useful. Optics including electromagnetic radiation, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is highly useful. Thermodynamic properties are also significant. nonclassical thermodynamics and associated systems, states, and processes may also be useful. Classical thermodynamics including processes, states, and systems is important, and statistical mechanics including quantum statistical mechanics, relativstic statistical mechanics, and classical statistical mechanics may be useful. Information about the mechanical properties of substances will often be useful. Gravitation and celestial mechanics including nonrigid celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, particle celestial mechanics, and suface gravitation is fairly minimally useful. Chemical sustances are more directly concerned with nonrigid mechanics, including wave mechanics, fluids, and deformable bodies Rigid body mechanics with dynamic systems, static systems, rotational dynamics, and body description and motion, is slightly useful. Particle mechanics including particle systems, energetics, kinetics, kinematics, and particle description is only indirectly useful.

History

Various chemical substances and knowledge about them have been considered throughought history. Many have been known since prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Others were identified in classical and medieval times, including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times.

Others are entirely modern. The 16th century, 17th century and 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. Numerous substances were identified in this period. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far futur can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world including nations and major groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be connected. various substances are known differently in different communities because of differences in techological capabilities, partly considered in social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure.

Institutions Families are not particularly important, but education often is. Chemical substances may be produced by economic activity. Government has some connection, but religion does not have a great deal.

Culture is applicable to chemical substances. This is fairly closely tied to material culture, and conceptial and behavioral culture are also highly important.

Connections to anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be developed. Personal studies including biography, psychology, and the human body can be connected.

Connections to biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology and earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, and geology will help shape development of this subject. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and solar system astronomy will provide examples of various different substances.

Other Sites: Not yet available

Substances are connected to chemical systems including organic systems, inorganic systems, gas systems, liquid systems, and solid systems. Substances are closely connected to studies of the changes they may undergo. These may include physical changes, chemical reactions, or nuclear reactions.

Substances are also connected heavily to physics. The structure of matter is nearly inseparable from chemical substances. Bulk matter is nearly inseparable from this topic. Molecular physics is vital because molecules are among the smallest units of compounds. Atomic physics is vital, because atoms are the smallest units of chemical elements. Subatomic physics and radiation including three basic particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons, and their interactions is essential. Quantum physics is important, but relativity is less useful.

Electromagnetic properties are vital to the study of substances. Electrostatics including concepts of electric charge, charge distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter somewhat useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits is also useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblies, magnetic field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter is also useful. Optics including electromagnetic radiation, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetic spectrum is highly useful.

Thermodynamic properties are also significant. nonclassical thermodynamics and associated systems, states, and processes may also be useful. Classical thermodynamics including processes, states, and systems is important, and statistical mechanics including quantum statistical mechanics, relativstic statistical mechanics, and classical statistical mechanics may be useful.

Information about the mechanical properties of substances will often be useful. Gravitation and celestial mechanics including nonrigid celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, particle celestial mechanics, and suface gravitation is fairly minimally useful. Chemical sustances are more directly concerned with nonrigid mechanics, including wave mechanics, fluids, and deformable bodies Rigid body mechanics with dynamic systems, static systems, rotational dynamics, and body description and motion, is slightly useful. Particle mechanics including particle systems, energetics, kinetics, kinematics, and particle description is only indirectly useful.

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Substances

Mixtures

Compounds

Elements