Chemical elements


An alphabetical list of the discovered or synthesized chemical elements is included here. The elements can be further divided into major chemical classes, including nonmetals and metals. Periodic groupings can also be considered. A version of the Periodic Table of the elements is also included.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Chemistry Periodic table

An alphabetical list of the discovered or synthesized chemical elements is included here. The elements can be further divided into major chemical classes, including nonmetals and metals. Periodic groupings can also be considered. A version of the Periodic Table of the elements is also included.

Periodic table

Alphabetical list

Name	Atomic number	Symbol
Actinium	89	Ac
Aluminum	13	Al
Americium	95	Am
Antimony	51	Sb
Argon	18	Ar
Arsenic	33	As
Astatine	85	At
Barium	56	Ba
Berkelium	97	Bk
Beryllium	4	Be
Bismuth	83	Bi
Bohrium	107	Bh
Boron	5	B
Bromine	35	Br
Cadmium	48	Cd
Calcium	20	Ca
Californium	98	Cf
Carbon	6	C
Cerium	58	Ce
Cesium	55	Cs
Chlorine	17	Cl
Chromium	24	Cr
Cobalt	27	Co
Copernicium	112	Cn
Copper	29	Cu
Curium	96	Cm
Darmstadtium	110	Ds
Dubnium	105	Db
Dysprosium	66	Dy
Einsteinium	99	Es
Erbium	68	Er
Europium	63	Eu
Fermium	100	Fm
Francium	87	Fr
Fluorine	9	F
Gadolinium	64	Gd
Gallium	21	Ga
Germanium	32	Ge
Gold	79	Au
Hafium	72	Hf
Hassium	108	Hs
Helium	2	He
Holmium	67	Ho
Hydrogen	1	H
Indium	49	In
Iodine	53	I
Iridium	77	Ir
Iron	26	Fe
Krypton	36	Kr
Lanthanum	57	La
Lawrencium	103	Lw
Lead	82	Pb
Lithium	3	Li
Lutetium	71	Lu
Magnesium	12	Mg
Manganese	25	Mn
Meitnerium	109	Mt
Mendelevium	101	Md
Mercury	80	Hg
Molybdenum	42	Mo
Neon	10	Ne
Neodymium	50	Nd
Nickel	28	Ni
Niobium	41	Nb
Nitrogen	7	N
Neptumium	93	Np
Nobelium	102	No
Osmium	76	Os
Oxygen	8	O
Palladium	46	Pd
Phosphorus	15	P
Platinum	78	Pt
Plutonium	94	Pu
Polonium	84	Po
Potassium	19	K
Praseodymium	59	Pr
Promethium	61	Pm
Protactinium	91	Pa
Radium	88	Ra
Radon	86	Rn
Rhenium	75	Re
Rhodium	45	Rh
Roentgenium	111	Rg
Rubidium	37	Rb
Ruthenium	44	Ru
Rutherfordium	104	Rf
Samarium	62	Sm
Scandium	21	Sc
Seaborgium	106	Sg
Selenium	34	Se
Silicon	14	Si
Silver	57	Ag
Sodium	11	Na
Strontium	38	Sr
Sulfur	16	S
Tantalum	73	Ta
Technetium	43	Tc
Tellurium	52	Te
Terbium	65	Tb
Thallium	81	Tl
Thorium	90	Th
Thulium	69	Tu
Tin	50	Sn
Titanium	22	Ti
Tungsten	74	W
Ununhexium	116	Uuh
Ununoctium	118	Uuo
Ununpentium	115	Uup
Ununquadium	114	Uuq
Ununseptium	117	Uus
Ununtrium	113	Uut
Uranium	92	U
Vanadium	23	V
Xenon	54	Xe
Ytterbium	70	Yb
Yttrium	39	Y
Zinc	30	Zn
Zirconium	40	Zr

Element Classes

Elements can be organized somewhat by chemical properties.

Major classes of elements include metals and nonmetals. All the first block elements (except hydrogen), all the third block and fourth block elements, and several of the second block elements are metals. Some of the second block elements are nonmetals. Some of the nonmetals are called metalloids.

Periodic groupings

There are two principal ways to classify the elements of the periodic table. The first is a classification by groups or families. This is further subdivided into columns, which correspond to more particular families. These can be categorized into four groups. One of these is the first or alkali block, The second block contains the nonmetals. The third block is called the transition metals, and the fourth block is known as the inner transition metals. The other is a classification by rows or periods, and there are seven of these.

Periodic table

The periodic table included here is complete as of December 2010. The arrangement of the elements in increasing order of atomic weight provided important evidence for atomic structure. Certain of the elements could be seen to fall into certain groups.


Although the elements are eternal, at least on a human scale, they have not been well known, and their history deals with their discovery and understanding of their properties. A few are present in elemental form in nature and may have been known in prehistory; others have been known since antiquity, and a few more were discovered in classical and medieval times. By far the greatest development has been modern. The prospects for discovery of new elements in the future are considered remote.	Links to other sites: not yet included
Applications of sociology to the elements, including social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world will be considered more as the site develops. Anthropology, culture, and institutional factors related to the chemical elements will also be considered as the site develops further. In personal studies, various properties of the elements are associated with the human body and psychology. Biography of various contributors will also be considered. Connections of elements to biology and earth science will be added later. The abundances of elements in astronomy is particularly important. Planetary astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic astronomy, and cosmology are useful. Systems including solid systems, liquid systems, gas systems, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry can be considered. Changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes will be useful. Chemical properties of elements include compounds and mixtures. Physics and physical properties of the elements are important. Physics is highly useful for the structure of matter. Bulk properties, including whether the element is found as a solid, liquid, or gas at STP will be given. STP refers to conditions of Standard Temperature and Pressure), where standard pressure is 1 atmosphere (1.01325 kPa) and standard temperature is 25 degrees Celsius (298.15 K). Some elements form more than one type of molecule (counting the monatomic form as a special case of molecular forms); these different forms are sometimes known as allotropes. Properties relating to the bonding, interaction, structure, and interaction of molecules will be included. Atomic properties are useful because atoms are the smallest units of elements. The number of protons in an atom of each element is called its atomic number. The atoms of an element are normally assumed to be electrically neutral, and have the same number of protons and electrons. The protons and the neutrons are combined in the nucleus of each atom, while the electrons are in orbit around them. Subatomic physics is useful, because three subatomic particles, neutrons, protons, and electrons, are the basic components of atoms. Quantum mechanics is for the most part indirectly useful to the chemical elements. Relativity including general and special relativity is only indirectly significant to the chemical elements. Electromagnetism, including not so much electrostatic properties as electric current, magnetic, and optical properties will be useful. Thermodynamic properties including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will also be considered. Mechanics is important, but not all of its divisions are equally significant. Particle mechanics including particle description, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, or systematics is minimally useful. Rigid body mechanics including body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems only slightly more useful. Nonrigid body mechanics, including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and acoustics is most useful. It makes little direct use of gravitation and celestial mechanics.

Although the elements are eternal, at least on a human scale, they have not been well known, and their history deals with their discovery and understanding of their properties. A few are present in elemental form in nature and may have been known in prehistory; others have been known since antiquity, and a few more were discovered in classical and medieval times. By far the greatest development has been modern. The prospects for discovery of new elements in the future are considered remote.

Links to other sites: not yet included

Applications of sociology to the elements, including social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world will be considered more as the site develops.

Anthropology, culture, and institutional factors related to the chemical elements will also be considered as the site develops further.

In personal studies, various properties of the elements are associated with the human body and psychology. Biography of various contributors will also be considered.

Connections of elements to biology and earth science will be added later. The abundances of elements in astronomy is particularly important. Planetary astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic astronomy, and cosmology are useful.

Systems including solid systems, liquid systems, gas systems, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry can be considered. Changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes will be useful. Chemical properties of elements include compounds and mixtures.

Physics and physical properties of the elements are important.

Physics is highly useful for the structure of matter. Bulk properties, including whether the element is found as a solid, liquid, or gas at STP will be given. STP refers to conditions of Standard Temperature and Pressure), where standard pressure is 1 atmosphere (1.01325 kPa) and standard temperature is 25 degrees Celsius (298.15 K). Some elements form more than one type of molecule (counting the monatomic form as a special case of molecular forms); these different forms are sometimes known as allotropes. Properties relating to the bonding, interaction, structure, and interaction of molecules will be included. Atomic properties are useful because atoms are the smallest units of elements. The number of protons in an atom of each element is called its atomic number. The atoms of an element are normally assumed to be electrically neutral, and have the same number of protons and electrons. The protons and the neutrons are combined in the nucleus of each atom, while the electrons are in orbit around them. Subatomic physics is useful, because three subatomic particles, neutrons, protons, and electrons, are the basic components of atoms.

Quantum mechanics is for the most part indirectly useful to the chemical elements.

Relativity including general and special relativity is only indirectly significant to the chemical elements.

Electromagnetism, including not so much electrostatic properties as electric current, magnetic, and optical properties will be useful.

Thermodynamic properties including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will also be considered.

Mechanics is important, but not all of its divisions are equally significant. Particle mechanics including particle description, kinematics, kinetics, energetics, or systematics is minimally useful. Rigid body mechanics including body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems only slightly more useful. Nonrigid body mechanics, including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and acoustics is most useful. It makes little direct use of gravitation and celestial mechanics.