Chemical change


There are three major categories of chemical change: physical changes chemical reactions, and nuclear reactions.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Chemistry Nuclear reactions Chemical reactions Physical changes

There are three major categories of chemical change: physical changes chemical reactions, and nuclear reactions.

Physical changes

These are the most easily observed. They include separation and mixing, as well as state changes of melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, and sublimation.

Chemical reactions

These include changes that involve the formation of new substances from existing ones, and refer to the breaking or formation of chemical bonds between atoms, and of molecules.

Nuclear reactions

Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nuclei of atoms, and the formation of chemical elements.


History The study of chemical changes dates to prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory but cannot yet be pursued in depth in this period. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. The practice of alchemy in classical and medieval times is regarded as a forerunner to modern chemistry. Early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Other Sites: Not yet available
In modern times, these studies have become greatly refined in the 16th century, 17th century and 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. Their future is unpredictable. The sociology of chemical change will be considered in more detail as the site develops. Various peoples including nations and major groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples have differing degrees of knowledge and interest. Particular communities may be centers of activity and research. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure and differences in chemical knowledge and technology can be connected. Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion may also be connected to chemical change. Culture, including material, conceptual and behavioral elements, will also be useful. Connections of anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physican anthropology, demography, and social foundations will also be useful. Personal studies will eventually be useful. Biography of people associated with the study of change will be considered. Connections with psychology and the human body will in cases be useful. Other areas of science may be useful. Biology and earth science give some information about chemical change. Astronomy, including the reactions and changes that take place in various environments in cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and planetary astronomy will be significant. This is closely connected to to the study of chemical systems and particular substances, including elements, compounds, and mixtures. Physics is useful in the study of chemical change. The structure of matter is especially important for these studies. Subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and Bulk matter are all essential. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma all have their place in chemical change. Quantum mechanics and relativity are at least indirectly important. Electromagnetism is important in some cases. Electrostatics including electric charge, electric charge distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter are highly important in various chemical changes. Electric current, magnetism, and optics are also important. Thermodynamics is also essential. Statistical mechanics will be useful. Classical thermodynamics is at present more useful than Nonclassical thermodynamics. Mechanics is also useful. Particle mechanics is somewhat useful. Particles, and kinematic description of position, velocity, and acceleration is only minimally useful. Mechanical kinetics involving mass, momentum, and force, and cases of force is slighly useful. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is useful. Particle systems include system properties, interactions, and simplifed systems, are useful for elementary consideration of collisions. Rigid body mechanics including body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems may be applicable, but nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and acoustics is more important. Gravitation involving surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid clestial mechanics is only minimally useful.

The study of chemical changes dates to prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory but cannot yet be pursued in depth in this period. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. The practice of alchemy in classical and medieval times is regarded as a forerunner to modern chemistry. Early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Other Sites: Not yet available

In modern times, these studies have become greatly refined in the 16th century, 17th century and 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. Their future is unpredictable.

The sociology of chemical change will be considered in more detail as the site develops. Various peoples including nations and major groups of Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples have differing degrees of knowledge and interest. Particular communities may be centers of activity and research. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure and differences in chemical knowledge and technology can be connected.

Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion may also be connected to chemical change.

Culture, including material, conceptual and behavioral elements, will also be useful.

Connections of anthropology including particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physican anthropology, demography, and social foundations will also be useful.

Personal studies will eventually be useful. Biography of people associated with the study of change will be considered. Connections with psychology and the human body will in cases be useful.

Other areas of science may be useful. Biology and earth science give some information about chemical change. Astronomy, including the reactions and changes that take place in various environments in cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and planetary astronomy will be significant.

This is closely connected to to the study of chemical systems and particular substances, including elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Physics is useful in the study of chemical change. The structure of matter is especially important for these studies. Subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and Bulk matter are all essential. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma all have their place in chemical change.

Quantum mechanics and relativity are at least indirectly important.

Electromagnetism is important in some cases. Electrostatics including electric charge, electric charge distribution, electric force, field, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter are highly important in various chemical changes. Electric current, magnetism, and optics are also important.

Thermodynamics is also essential. Statistical mechanics will be useful. Classical thermodynamics is at present more useful than Nonclassical thermodynamics.

Mechanics is also useful. Particle mechanics is somewhat useful. Particles, and kinematic description of position, velocity, and acceleration is only minimally useful. Mechanical kinetics involving mass, momentum, and force, and cases of force is slighly useful. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is useful. Particle systems include system properties, interactions, and simplifed systems, are useful for elementary consideration of collisions.

Rigid body mechanics including body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems may be applicable, but nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and acoustics is more important. Gravitation involving surface gravitation, particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid clestial mechanics is only minimally useful.

Chemical change

Physical changes

Chemical reactions

Nuclear reactions

History