Systematics


Organisms can be roughly categorized as microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Biology Microbes Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Organisms can be roughly categorized as microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Animals

Animals are recognizable as mobile, active living things. These include invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, protostomes such as molluscs, worms and arthropods, a group technically called deuterostomes which includes the echinoderms (starfish, for instance) They also include vertebrate animals, the fishes and the familiar land animals, collectively called the tetrapods (for instance frogs, turtles, reptiles, birds, and mammals)

Fungi

Fungi resemble plants, but have recently been recognized has having closer affinity at the sub-cellular level to the animals.

Plants

Plants are easily recognizable as relatively immobile, but living and growing things: they are typically green in color (at least in part) because they contain chlorophyll. These are somewhat more difficult to classify than animals, since the primary divisions based on form as trees, shrubs, and herbs cut across divisions based on other biological characteristics.

Protists

These have often been classified along with the microbes, since they are typically single celled and microscopic. There are representatives of the protists that resemble the plants, fungi, and animals, as well as some that do not show clear affinities to either group.

Microbes

Microbes are too small to be visible without the aid of magnifying instruments, including the microscope. There are three main divisions of this group: Viruses, Archaea (formerly called Archaebacteria), and Bacteria.


History The history of systematics, or the organization and classification of living things, is fairly long. Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Attempts in antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC were made. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Links to other sites: not yet included.
The greatest progress has been made in modern times including the 16th century, and 17th century. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s can be connected. The early 2010s including 2011 can be connected. The future of these studies is unknown. Sociology Various peoples of the world including African peoples can be considered. Particular nations such as Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Russia may be helpful. Western Civilization including the United States can be connected. Asiatic peoples including those of India can be connected. Oriental peoples including those of China can be connected. American Indian peoples including those in the United States have been somewhat less significant. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected. Institutions including families, education, economics, and government can also be connected. Religion including particular religious, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be connected. Anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups can be connected to organisms. Personal studies of the human body and psychology are somewhat useful in these studies. Individual biographies of people prominent in these studies will also be considered. This is connected to biohistory and ecology. Organism biology, including tissue, organ systems, morphology, life cycle, and behavior such as stimulus response, motion, respiration, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis. Cell biology including cell structure, behavior, and types is also useful. This is connected to molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Earth sciences are more significant. Geohistory from the Precambrian through the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras are also significant. Physical geography including mapping, terrestrial geography, and oceanic geography is also connected. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology is also connected. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, ground water, and fresh water is also connected. Geology including minerals, petrology, landforms, geological processes, and interior geology is at least connected to the environment and habitat of some organisms. Applications of astronomy are somewhat speculative. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are not directly useful, but Solar system astronomy can be. Chemistry including examination of substances, changes, and systems is also connected. Systematics also depend somewhat on physics. Classical physics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism are more important than modern topics of relativity and quantum physics. There are strong connections to the structure of matter.

History

The history of systematics, or the organization and classification of living things, is fairly long. Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory might be connected. Attempts in antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC were made. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Links to other sites: not yet included.

The greatest progress has been made in modern times including the 16th century, and 17th century. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s can be connected. The early 2010s including 2011 can be connected. The future of these studies is unknown.

Sociology

Various peoples of the world including African peoples can be considered. Particular nations such as Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Russia may be helpful. Western Civilization including the United States can be connected. Asiatic peoples including those of India can be connected. Oriental peoples including those of China can be connected. American Indian peoples including those in the United States have been somewhat less significant. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected.

Institutions including families, education, economics, and government can also be connected. Religion including particular religious, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected.

Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be connected. Anthropology including social foundations, demography, physical anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups can be connected to organisms.

Personal studies of the human body and psychology are somewhat useful in these studies. Individual biographies of people prominent in these studies will also be considered.

This is connected to biohistory and ecology. Organism biology, including tissue, organ systems, morphology, life cycle, and behavior such as stimulus response, motion, respiration, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis. Cell biology including cell structure, behavior, and types is also useful. This is connected to molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Earth sciences are more significant. Geohistory from the Precambrian through the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras are also significant. Physical geography including mapping, terrestrial geography, and oceanic geography is also connected. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology is also connected. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, ground water, and fresh water is also connected. Geology including minerals, petrology, landforms, geological processes, and interior geology is at least connected to the environment and habitat of some organisms.

Applications of astronomy are somewhat speculative. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are not directly useful, but Solar system astronomy can be. Chemistry including examination of substances, changes, and systems is also connected.

Systematics also depend somewhat on physics. Classical physics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism are more important than modern topics of relativity and quantum physics. There are strong connections to the structure of matter.