Cenozoic Life


65 Million years ago to present. This is especially known for the dominance of flowering plants, insects, teleost fishes, birds, and mammals. There were significant changes in communities and in biogeography. This is divided into the Tertiary and Quaternary. The Tertiary includes two divisions, the Paleogene and the Neogene. The Paleogene includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene. The Neogene includes the Miocene and Pliocene. The Quaternary includes the Pleistocene and the Holocene.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Biology Biohistory

65 Million years ago to present. This is especially known for the dominance of flowering plants, insects, teleost fishes, birds, and mammals. There were significant changes in communities and in biogeography. This is divided into the Tertiary and Quaternary. The Tertiary includes two divisions, the Paleogene and the Neogene. The Paleogene includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene. The Neogene includes the Miocene and Pliocene. The Quaternary includes the Pleistocene and the Holocene.

Paleocene

65-54.8 Million years ago.

Eocene

54.8-22.7 Million years ago. Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla developed. Most mammals were small (under 10 kg).

Oligocene

33.7 to 23.8 Million years ago. Grasses, horses, and elephants with trunks appeared

Miocene

23.8 to 5.3 Mllion years ago. Antarctica became separated which established a circumpolar circulation and the polare icecap began to build. Asia and AFrica became connected. Climates were warmer and dryer than before, and grasslands began to develop in continental interiors. Perissodactyls and artiodactyls developed.

Pliocene

5.3 Million years ago to 1.8 Million years ago. A cooling trend. The panama land bridge opened up contact between North and South America. Ice accumulated at the poles. Grasslands and savannas arose. The artiodactyl and perissodacyl mammals developed.

Pleistocene

1.8 Million years ago to 11,000 years ago. This includes several ice ages or glaciations. Life in this period includes development of mosses, conifers, and flowering plants, insects, molluscs, birds, and large mammals. Extinct species include mammoths and mastodons, longhorned bison, horses, camels, giant ground sloths, sabre-toothed cats, and cave bears, though many species survive. Both Neanderthal and modern men are known from this period.

Holocene

11,000 years ago to present. I have chosen a date of 8000 BC as an arbitrary cutoff date.


The history of this subject is primarily modern. Developments can be most easily examined for the 20th century. and it will be examined into the future.	Links to other sites Not yet included.
Sociology including social structure and change, communities can be connected. Peoples of the world including nations, Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples will be connected. Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion are somewhat connected. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will be somewhat connected. This will also be connected somewhat to anthropology, including social presentation, demography, human anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups. Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography are somewhat loosely connected to this period. Other Science This is most directly connected to other areas of biology. These include a little molecular biology and cell biology, and organism biology. This is also connected to other biohistory, and directly follows the mesozoic era. Ecology including biogeography, ecosystems, evolution, systems ecology, community ecology, population ecology, and behavioral ecology can be considered. Systematics including animals, fungi, plants, protists, and microbes can be considered. This is connected to other sciences, not so much physics or chemistry as to earth science, including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local system astronomy can be connected.

The history of this subject is primarily modern. Developments can be most easily examined for the 20th century. and it will be examined into the future.

Links to other sites
Not yet included.

Sociology including social structure and change, communities can be connected. Peoples of the world including nations, Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples will be connected. Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion are somewhat connected. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will be somewhat connected. This will also be connected somewhat to anthropology, including social presentation, demography, human anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups. Personal studies including the human body, psychology, and biography are somewhat loosely connected to this period.

Other Science

This is most directly connected to other areas of biology. These include a little molecular biology and cell biology, and organism biology. This is also connected to other biohistory, and directly follows the mesozoic era. Ecology including biogeography, ecosystems, evolution, systems ecology, community ecology, population ecology, and behavioral ecology can be considered. Systematics including animals, fungi, plants, protists, and microbes can be considered.

This is connected to other sciences, not so much physics or chemistry as to earth science, including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local system astronomy can be connected.