Molecular biology


Molecular biology is more than just the study of DNA: It includes the study of biological molecules of all kinds. These are divided into nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, other organics, and inorganics. The discussion includes anabolism (synthesis), catabolism (breakdown), and structure.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Biology Inorganics Small organics Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Molecular biology is more than just the study of DNA: It includes the study of biological molecules of all kinds. These are divided into nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, other organics, and inorganics. The discussion includes anabolism (synthesis), catabolism (breakdown), and structure.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are polymers, the chief molecules are DNA and RNA. Their components, the nucleotide bases and the saccharides, are also considered. The synthesis or replication of the nucleic acids as well as their decomposition and digestion is also considered.

Proteins

The major classes of proteins are structural proteins and enzymes. Enzymes are the biological catalysts that speed the chemical reactions of life and help make it possible. This section also includes the amino acids that compose proteins, protein synthesis, and protein decomposition

Lipids

Lipids, including fats, oils, terpenes, and waxes, are important components of cells. The various classes, components, and their synthesis and decomposition are part of this study.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides (many sugars)

Small organics

Other biomolecules include hormones, vitamins, and pigments. Short-lived metabolic intermediaries are also in this group, and the major metabolic pathways are also discussed.

Inorganics

Inorganic molecules and ions will also be investigated. These are in general not synthesized, but must be obtained as nutrients from the environment.


History The history of molecular biology is almost entirely modern.	Links to other Sites: Not yet available
Modern history This subject did not begin to develop until the 19th century. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, and late 2000s can be connected. The early 2010s including 2011 and 2010 can be considered. Its future is unknown, but there is an enormous amount that remains to be studied. Sociology Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be considered. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected. Institutions including families, education, economics, and government can be connected. Religion including particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be considered. The anthropology pertaining to molecular biology will be investigated in more detail as the site develops further. Personal studies including the human body, pschology, and biography will be useful. Other Science This is more fundamental than other elements of biology, including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, and cytology, but they all have connections to it. Earth science is somewhat indirectly connected to molecular biology. Geohistory will probably be significant. The origins of molecular biology seem to belong to the Precambrian epoch, and have developed in Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic periods. Physical geography seems to be more weakly connected, but mapping, terrestrial geography, and oceanic geography can be connected. Atmospheric science including climatology, meteorology, and atmospheric structure will be significant. Hydrospheric science is important. Geology is probably not as useful as hydrospheric science. Connections of astronomy will be considered in more detail as the site is developed. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are weakly connected. Stellar astronomy including interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and astrocartography is useful. Local astronomy is weakly connected. The connections to chemistry are so important that there is a significant overlap between chemistry and biology. There are connections to systems. Solid systems are less useful than liquid systems, and gaseous systems are also possible. Inorganic systems are less useful than organic systems. There are also connections to changes. Nuclear reactions are less important than chemical reactions, and these more important than physical changes. Substances including elements, compounds and mixtures are all important. Physics, particularly classical physics, will be significant in molecular biology. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter physics will also be useful. The applications of quantum mechanics are indirect. Relativity is at best minimally useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be somewuat useful. Thermodynamics which includes statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will be useful. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation will be somewhat useful.

History

The history of molecular biology is almost entirely modern.

Links to other Sites: Not yet available

Modern history

This subject did not begin to develop until the 19th century. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected.

The early 21st century including the early 2000s, and late 2000s can be connected. The early 2010s including 2011 and 2010 can be considered.

Its future is unknown, but there is an enormous amount that remains to be studied.

Sociology

Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be considered. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change including social change, social types, and social structure can be connected.

Institutions including families, education, economics, and government can be connected. Religion including particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be connected.

Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be considered. The anthropology pertaining to molecular biology will be investigated in more detail as the site develops further.

Personal studies including the human body, pschology, and biography will be useful.

Other Science

This is more fundamental than other elements of biology, including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, and cytology, but they all have connections to it.

Earth science is somewhat indirectly connected to molecular biology. Geohistory will probably be significant. The origins of molecular biology seem to belong to the Precambrian epoch, and have developed in Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic periods. Physical geography seems to be more weakly connected, but mapping, terrestrial geography, and oceanic geography can be connected. Atmospheric science including climatology, meteorology, and atmospheric structure will be significant. Hydrospheric science is important. Geology is probably not as useful as hydrospheric science.

Connections of astronomy will be considered in more detail as the site is developed. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are weakly connected. Stellar astronomy including interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and astrocartography is useful. Local astronomy is weakly connected.

The connections to chemistry are so important that there is a significant overlap between chemistry and biology. There are connections to systems. Solid systems are less useful than liquid systems, and gaseous systems are also possible. Inorganic systems are less useful than organic systems. There are also connections to changes. Nuclear reactions are less important than chemical reactions, and these more important than physical changes. Substances including elements, compounds and mixtures are all important.

Physics, particularly classical physics, will be significant in molecular biology. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter physics will also be useful. The applications of quantum mechanics are indirect. Relativity is at best minimally useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be somewuat useful. Thermodynamics which includes statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will be useful. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation will be somewhat useful.