Molecular biology


Molecular biology is more than just the study of DNA: It includes the study of biological molecules of all kinds. These are divided into nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, other organics, and inorganics. The discussion includes anabolism (synthesis), catabolism (breakdown), and structure.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Biology Inorganics Small organics Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Molecular biology is more than just the study of DNA: It includes the study of biological molecules of all kinds. These are divided into nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, other organics, and inorganics. The discussion includes anabolism (synthesis), catabolism (breakdown), and structure.

Inorganics

Inorganic molecules and ions will also be investigated. These are in general not synthesized, but must be obtained as nutrients from the environment.

Small organics

Other biomolecules include hormones, vitamins, and pigments. Short-lived metabolic intermediaries are also in this group, and the major metabolic pathways are also discussed.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides (many sugars)

Lipids

Lipids, including fats, oils, terpenes, and waxes, are important components of cells. The various classes, components, and their synthesis and decomposition are part of this study.

Proteins

The major classes of proteins are structural proteins and enzymes. Enzymes are the biological catalysts that speed the chemical reactions of life and help make it possible. This section also includes the amino acids that compose proteins, protein synthesis, and protein decomposition

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are polymers, the chief molecules are DNA and RNA. Their components, the nucleotide bases and the saccharides, are also considered. The synthesis or replication of the nucleic acids as well as their decomposition and digestion is also considered.


Physics, particularly classical physics, will be significant in molecular biology. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation will be somewhat useful. Thermodynamics which includes statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will be useful. AElectromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be somewuat useful. Relativity is at best minimally useful, and the applications of quantum mechanics are indirect. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter physics will also be useful.	Links to other Sites: Not yet available
The connections to chemistry are so important that there is a significant overlap between chemistry and biology. Substances including elements, compounds and mixtures are all important. There are also connections to changes. Nuclear reactions are less important than chemical reactions, and these more important than physical changes. There are also connections to systems. Solid systems are less useful than liquid systems, and gaseous systems are also possible. Inorganic systems are less useful than organic systems. Connections of astronomy will be considered in more detail as the site is developed. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are weakly connected. Stellar astronomy including interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and astrocartography is useful. Local astronomy is weakly connected. Earth science is somewhat indirectly connected to molecular biology. Geology is probably not as useful as hydrospheric science. Atmospheric science would come second. Physical geography seems to be more weakly connected. Geohistory will probably be significant. This is more fundamental than other elements of biology, including cytology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory, but they all have connections to it. Personal studies including the human body, pschology, and biography will be useful. The anthropology pertaining to molecular biology will be investigated in more detail as the site develops further. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be considered. Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion can be connected. Sociology including social structure and change will be important to molecular biology. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York city can be connected. Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be considered. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. The history of molecular biology is almost entirely modern. Its future is unknown, but there is an enormous amount that remainst to be studied.

Physics, particularly classical physics, will be significant in molecular biology. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation will be somewhat useful. Thermodynamics which includes statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics will be useful. AElectromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be somewuat useful. Relativity is at best minimally useful, and the applications of quantum mechanics are indirect. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter physics will also be useful.

Links to other Sites: Not yet available

The connections to chemistry are so important that there is a significant overlap between chemistry and biology. Substances including elements, compounds and mixtures are all important. There are also connections to changes. Nuclear reactions are less important than chemical reactions, and these more important than physical changes. There are also connections to systems. Solid systems are less useful than liquid systems, and gaseous systems are also possible. Inorganic systems are less useful than organic systems.

Connections of astronomy will be considered in more detail as the site is developed. Cosmology and galactic astronomy are weakly connected. Stellar astronomy including interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and astrocartography is useful. Local astronomy is weakly connected. Earth science is somewhat indirectly connected to molecular biology. Geology is probably not as useful as hydrospheric science. Atmospheric science would come second. Physical geography seems to be more weakly connected. Geohistory will probably be significant.

This is more fundamental than other elements of biology, including cytology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory, but they all have connections to it.

Personal studies including the human body, pschology, and biography will be useful.

The anthropology pertaining to molecular biology will be investigated in more detail as the site develops further. Culture including material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture can be considered. Institutions including families, education, economics, government, and religion can be connected. Sociology including social structure and change will be important to molecular biology. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York city can be connected. Peoples of the world including Asiatic peoples, Western Civilization, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be considered. Nations including the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected.

The history of molecular biology is almost entirely modern. Its future is unknown, but there is an enormous amount that remainst to be studied.