Astronomy


Astronomy includes the study of bodies beyond the earth. These include the sun, moon, and planets, in the division of planetary astronomy; the stars, in the division of stellar astronomy, galaxies, in the division of galactic astronomy, and the entire universe, in the division of cosmology.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Science Cosmology Galactic astronomy Stellar astronomy Planetary astronomy

Astronomy includes the study of bodies beyond the earth. These include the sun, moon, and planets, in the division of planetary astronomy; the stars, in the division of stellar astronomy, galaxies, in the division of galactic astronomy, and the entire universe, in the division of cosmology.

Science

Cosmology

Cosmology includes larger questions of the nature and origin of the universe. Many theories are speculative, and the subject is subject to fairly frequent revision and controversy.

Galactic astronomy

Galactic astronomy include the study of galaxies. Galactic astrocartography, galactic classes, and intergalactic medium.

Stellar astronomy

Stellar astronomy includes the study of the interstellar medium, Stars and their classification and development, star clusters and assemblages, and astrocartography

Solar System astronomy

Planetary astronomy includes the study of the solar system. Particular topics include the sun, planets, minor bodies, interplanetary medium, and Solar system history.


History Astronomy is one of the oldest of the sciences, and evidence of its study can be found in prehistory. It is more readily dated to antiquity, and much of its study came in classical and medieval times. However, understanding of it is largely modern. Notable developments occurred in the 16th century. 1543 Copernicus publishes a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of astronomy c. 1586 - c. 1637 Galileo makes important discoveries in physics and astronomy. With the widespread use of the telescope in the 17th century, more discoveries were made. c. 1604 - c. 1615 Kepler discovers and publishes his three laws of planetary motion. c. 1665 - c. 1704 Newton develops and publishes his theories of physics and astronomy. . Developments in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century following the advent of Newtonian physics and the use of telescopes are numerous. In the 19th century, improvements in physics and technology led to even more understanding. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be considered. The growth of astronomy in the 20th century has been substantial. Developments in the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be followed. In the late 20th century, Progress has continued in all fields of astronomy, including planetary astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic atronomy, and cosmology. The early 21st century including the early 2000s can also be considered. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September, and fourth quarter including October and November can be connected. Its future is unpredictable.
Sociology Various peoples of the world have made various contributions to astronomy. African peoples can be connected. Particular nations including Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines can be connected. Western civilization including Brazil has contributed substantially to astronomy. Anglic peoples including those of the United States have contributed substantially. Asiatic peoples including those of Bangladesh have contributed to astronomy. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed also. Oriental peoples including those of China have contributed substantially. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia seem to have contributed only marginally. American Indian peoples including those of the United States and Brazil can also be connected. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will also be useful. Social structure and change including social structure and social types can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected.
Institutions Religion is fairly weakly connected. Particular religions, religious organization, religious practices, and religious beliefs have had some connection to astronomy. Government including law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments is somewhat connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems is somewhat indirectly useful to astronomy. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and paticular schools will be useful. Families including marriage, kinship, parenting, and particular families appear to be only weakly influential.
Culture Astronomy has behavioral components including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events. Conceptual culture is applicable. Language, graphics, and literature are all significant. Mathematics is vital. Applied science, particularly including measurement, is important. Philosophy was once important but is now less so. Astronomy has connections to material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstufs, clothing, transportation technology, communications technology, and other artifacts.
Anthropology Particular groups are highly significant. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography, is also somewhat useful in astronomy. Human ecology including effects of the environment on people, other life forms, and effects of people on the environment may be a little more useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is not highly useful. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be adapted to study of astronomers. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected.
Personal studies Astronomy is connected to particular astrornomers, some of whom can be found in biography list. Prominent astronomers include: Copernicus Galileo Newton This is also connected to some findings of psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals can be considered. The capabilities and limitations of the human body as they apply to astronomical study, connected to form and appearance, life cycle, disease, and body functions and systems are useful.
Other sciences Astronomy does not depend heavily on biology, since the presence of life has not been confirmed for any other celestial body besides the earth. All applications are therefore somewhat speculative. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology and Molecular biology are at the opposite end of a relative size scale.	Links to other sites: Yahoo Directory - Astronomy Wikipedia - Astronomy
There are connections with earth science. Geohistory may be indirectly useful. Physical geography is useful chiefly as a guide and basis for analogy. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology will be useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, groundwater and freshwater is not quite unique to earth, but it is not nearly as important in astronomy as it is on earth. The geology of the earth serves as a departure and reference point for the studies of other bodies. Minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology all offer guides. Astronomy depends heavily on chemistry. Chemical systems are also important in astronomy. Solid systems are useful, liquid systems less so, but gaseous systems are highly important. Astronomy relies heavily on inorganic systems. Organic chemistry is less significant. All areas of chemical change are useful. Physical changes involving freezing, melting, sublimation, mixing, and separation are significant in astronomy. Chemical reactions including stoichiometry, mechanical arrangment, electronic rearrangement, reaction thermodynamics and chemical kinetics can be considered. nuclear reactions of fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission are useful. The study of particular substances is highly important. Mixtures and compounds are also highly important. Elements are significant. By far the most abundant element in the universe is Hydrogen. Modern astronomy depends heavily on physics. Structure of matter is essential to astronomy. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful. Atomic physics including nuclear physics and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including bonding, molecular structure, and molecular behavior is also valuable. Bulk matter including solids, liquids, and gases is also useful, as are studies of exotic forms of matter. Quantum physics is useful. Relativity, including special relativity with the finite speed of light and general relativity is a significant tool in several areas of astronomy. Electromagnetism is especially important. Electrostatics is mostly indirectly useful. Electric charge and charge distribution, electric forces, fields, flux, potential, capacitance and electrical properties of matter find some applications. Electric currents including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC Circuits, and AC circuits may also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, assemblies, magnetic field, force, flux, potential and magnetic properties of matter is also important in astronomy and astrophysics. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetism is the primary means of observation in astronomy. Thermodynamics is important in astronomy. Nonclassical thermodynamics and its systems, states, and processes are important in astronomy. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes, and Statistical mechanics including quantum statistical mechanics, relativistic statistical mechanics, and classical statistical mechanics are useful in examining some of the extreme conditions that occur in astronomy. Mechanics is especially important. Gravitation is useful. Nonrigid celestial mechanics will be applicale and rigid body celestial mechanics will be useful.Particle celestial mechanics using Newton's law of gravitation and Kepler's third law will be important. Surface gravitation is useful in planetary studies. Nonrigid mechanics including wave mechanics, fluid mechanics, and deformable bodies is highly applicable to astronomy. Rigid body mechanics is useful. Dynamic systems, static systems, and rotational dynamics also be applied. Rigid body description and motion involving extended bodies, position and orientiation, linear and rotational velocity, and linear and angular acceleration is useful. Particle mechanics can be applied in various areas of astronomy. Particle systems involving simplified systems, particle interactions, and system properties, can also be applied. Energetics including power, mechanical energy, and work is useful. Kinetics including types and cases of force, concepts of force, momentum, and mass is also fundamental. Kinematics including cases and types of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position, can be examined. Astronomical bodies can often be treated as particles.

History

Astronomy is one of the oldest of the sciences, and evidence of its study can be found in prehistory. It is more readily dated to antiquity, and much of its study came in classical and medieval times. However, understanding of it is largely modern. Notable developments occurred in the 16th century.

1543 Copernicus publishes a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of astronomy
c. 1586 - c. 1637 Galileo makes important discoveries in physics and astronomy.

With the widespread use of the telescope in the 17th century, more discoveries were made.

c. 1604 - c. 1615 Kepler discovers and publishes his three laws of planetary motion.
c. 1665 - c. 1704 Newton develops and publishes his theories of physics and astronomy. .

Developments in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century following the advent of Newtonian physics and the use of telescopes are numerous. In the 19th century, improvements in physics and technology led to even more understanding. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be considered. The growth of astronomy in the 20th century has been substantial. Developments in the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, and late mid 20th century can be followed. In the late 20th century, Progress has continued in all fields of astronomy, including planetary astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic atronomy, and cosmology. The early 21st century including the early 2000s can also be considered. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September, and fourth quarter including October and November can be connected.

Its future is unpredictable.

Sociology

Various peoples of the world have made various contributions to astronomy. African peoples can be connected. Particular nations including Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines can be connected. Western civilization including Brazil has contributed substantially to astronomy. Anglic peoples including those of the United States have contributed substantially. Asiatic peoples including those of Bangladesh have contributed to astronomy. South Asian peoples including those of India and Pakistan have contributed also. Oriental peoples including those of China have contributed substantially. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia seem to have contributed only marginally. American Indian peoples including those of the United States and Brazil can also be connected. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will also be useful. Social structure and change including social structure and social types can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected.

Institutions

Religion is fairly weakly connected. Particular religions, religious organization, religious practices, and religious beliefs have had some connection to astronomy. Government including law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments is somewhat connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems is somewhat indirectly useful to astronomy. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and paticular schools will be useful. Families including marriage, kinship, parenting, and particular families appear to be only weakly influential.

Culture

Astronomy has behavioral components including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events. Conceptual culture is applicable. Language, graphics, and literature are all significant. Mathematics is vital. Applied science, particularly including measurement, is important. Philosophy was once important but is now less so. Astronomy has connections to material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstufs, clothing, transportation technology, communications technology, and other artifacts.

Anthropology

Particular groups are highly significant. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography, is also somewhat useful in astronomy. Human ecology including effects of the environment on people, other life forms, and effects of people on the environment may be a little more useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is not highly useful. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be adapted to study of astronomers. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Astronomy is connected to particular astrornomers, some of whom can be found in biography list. Prominent astronomers include:

This is also connected to some findings of psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral fundamentals can be considered. The capabilities and limitations of the human body as they apply to astronomical study, connected to form and appearance, life cycle, disease, and body functions and systems are useful.

Other sciences

Astronomy does not depend heavily on biology, since the presence of life has not been confirmed for any other celestial body besides the earth. All applications are therefore somewhat speculative. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology and Molecular biology are at the opposite end of a relative size scale.

There are connections with earth science. Geohistory may be indirectly useful. Physical geography is useful chiefly as a guide and basis for analogy. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology will be useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, groundwater and freshwater is not quite unique to earth, but it is not nearly as important in astronomy as it is on earth. The geology of the earth serves as a departure and reference point for the studies of other bodies. Minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology all offer guides.

Astronomy depends heavily on chemistry. Chemical systems are also important in astronomy. Solid systems are useful, liquid systems less so, but gaseous systems are highly important. Astronomy relies heavily on inorganic systems. Organic chemistry is less significant. All areas of chemical change are useful. Physical changes involving freezing, melting, sublimation, mixing, and separation are significant in astronomy. Chemical reactions including stoichiometry, mechanical arrangment, electronic rearrangement, reaction thermodynamics and chemical kinetics can be considered. nuclear reactions of fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission are useful. The study of particular substances is highly important. Mixtures and compounds are also highly important. Elements are significant. By far the most abundant element in the universe is Hydrogen.

Modern astronomy depends heavily on physics.

Structure of matter is essential to astronomy. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful. Atomic physics including nuclear physics and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including bonding, molecular structure, and molecular behavior is also valuable. Bulk matter including solids, liquids, and gases is also useful, as are studies of exotic forms of matter.

Quantum physics is useful. Relativity, including special relativity with the finite speed of light and general relativity is a significant tool in several areas of astronomy.

Electromagnetism is especially important. Electrostatics is mostly indirectly useful. Electric charge and charge distribution, electric forces, fields, flux, potential, capacitance and electrical properties of matter find some applications. Electric currents including current definition, EMF, resistance, DC Circuits, and AC circuits may also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, assemblies, magnetic field, force, flux, potential and magnetic properties of matter is also important in astronomy and astrophysics. Optics including electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics, and the electromagnetism is the primary means of observation in astronomy.

Thermodynamics is important in astronomy. Nonclassical thermodynamics and its systems, states, and processes are important in astronomy. Classical thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes, and Statistical mechanics including quantum statistical mechanics, relativistic statistical mechanics, and classical statistical mechanics are useful in examining some of the extreme conditions that occur in astronomy.

Mechanics is especially important.

Gravitation is useful. Nonrigid celestial mechanics will be applicale and rigid body celestial mechanics will be useful.Particle celestial mechanics using Newton's law of gravitation and Kepler's third law will be important. Surface gravitation is useful in planetary studies.

Nonrigid mechanics including wave mechanics, fluid mechanics, and deformable bodies is highly applicable to astronomy.

Rigid body mechanics is useful. Dynamic systems, static systems, and rotational dynamics also be applied. Rigid body description and motion involving extended bodies, position and orientiation, linear and rotational velocity, and linear and angular acceleration is useful.

Particle mechanics can be applied in various areas of astronomy. Particle systems involving simplified systems, particle interactions, and system properties, can also be applied. Energetics including power, mechanical energy, and work is useful. Kinetics including types and cases of force, concepts of force, momentum, and mass is also fundamental. Kinematics including cases and types of motion, acceleration, velocity, and position, can be examined. Astronomical bodies can often be treated as particles.

Top