Human Body


Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into categories of body systems, body funtioncs, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Personal Studies Systems Body functions Disease Life cycle Form and appearance

Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into categories of body systems, body funtioncs, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance.

Personal Studies

Body systems

The principal systems of the human body can be grouped into four categories: Structural, vital, reproductive, and control. This is referred to as anatomy.

Structural systems include skeletal, muscular, and Integumentary systems. The skeletal system can subdivided into two main groups: the the axial skeleton (head, spine, chest), and the appendicular skeleton (arms and legs). More details will be given as the site expands.

Vital systems include circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and lymphatic systems.

The reproductive system includes male and female versions.

Control systems include the nervous and endocrine systems.

Body functions

This is often called physiology This has to do with the interaction of the human body with the environment, as in strength, nutrition and health, sexuality, and organic psychology.

Life cycle

The stages of human life, including prenatal development, infancy and childhood, adolescence, maturity, old age, and death, and the changes undergone will be discussed in this section.

Disease

The various categories and causes of disease will be discussed in this section, as more detail becomes available. A rough, tentative classification includes trauma, system disorders, and infectious disease. Some diseases are concentrated in particular organs or systems, while others are more general. Diagnosis and treatments will be discussed in culture.

Form and appearance

This refers to visible, external appearance. Things such as height, body shape, sex, skin and hair color, as well as the visible subdivisions and body parts, and their relationship to more fundamental characteristics, are considered.


Natural science The application of physics to the human body is somewhat indirect, but consideration of it as a thermodynamic system, and the effects of electromagnetism are all useful. Relativity and quantum physics are not directly applicable, but there are significant applications of the structure of matter. Mechanics of the human body is an interesting study. Particle mechanics including kinetics, energetics, and systems of particles is somewhat applicable. The human body can be described as a particle in only limited circumstances. Kinematics including position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be considered. Kinetics including concepts of mass, force, momentum, and types and cases of force can be connected. Rigid body mechanics including body description, rotation, static systems, and dynamic system can also be connected. Nonrigid bodies including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics can also be used. Gravitation is principally applicable because of surface gravitation, Particle celestial mechanics is somewhat useful rigid body and deformable body celestial mechanics are less useful.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Applications of chemistry are also significant. Substances, changes, and chemical systems are all useful. Connections with astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are largely speculative, but local astronomy and information on physical changes in a weightless (orbiting) environment belong here. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory is slightly more useful. Biology is vital. Molecular biology including inorganic molecules, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including cell anatomy, behavior, and types is significant. This depends most heavily on organism biology including tissues, organ systems, morphology, and life cycle. Behavior including stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction and homeostasis is significant. It depends somewhat on systematics, not so much on microbes, protist, fungi, or plants as animals. Sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes have some connection, biologically speaking, humans are tetrapods. Comparisons with amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are possible, but humans are mammalians. The connections to ecology and biohistory are less direct. The body is connected to areas of psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, mental disorders, developmental psychology, personality, and social psychology. These connections are not yet well explored. Biography is not yet sufficiently detailed to give much information on the human body, but may be of use later. Anthropology is also applicable to these studies. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group types, and social group behavior influence them somewhat. Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change is more an applied area and less directly useful. The human body is studied from slightly different perspective in physical anthropology, and human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are significant. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, interactions with other life, and influence of people on the environment may also be useful. Human geography is also significant. Particular groups may also be useful. Connections to culture including material culture will also be discussed as the site develops. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, applied science, mathematics, and philosophy will be applicable to studies of the human body. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful to studies of the human body. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can also be considered. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization and particular religions can be considered. Sociology Social structure and change including social structure, social types, and social change will be useful. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be included as the subject is better developed. Peoples of the world including will be useful. Nations such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be helpful. Western Civilization including peoples of Mexico, have been especially prominent in this study. Anglic peoples including the United States have been prominent. Latin peoples including those of Brazil can also be connected. Northeast european peoples such as those of Russia can be connected. Asiatic peoples including those of Japan can be considered. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. African peoples including those found in Nigeria can be helpful. American Indian peoples including those found in Mexico have been less directly useful. South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian people such as those found in the United States can be connected. History The human body has been studied since prehistory. Formal studies do not seem to have been conducted in early prehistory, middle prehistory, or late prehistory. It is better known from antiquity, and in classical and medieval times. However, many fundamental discoveries have been limited to modern times. Development in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century were rather slow. In the 19th century developments were more rapid. I do not yet specific details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, or late 19th century. 1638 Harvey publishes work giving the first correct description of the function of the heart and circulation of the blood. c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment. In the 20th century, knowledge and understanding of the human body has developed substantially. It can be followed to some extent through the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century including the early 2000s. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September and fourth quarter can be connected. c. 1965 Pincus published work on human endocrine system that lead to development of a birth-control pill. The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future has not yet been closely examined.

Natural science

The application of physics to the human body is somewhat indirect, but consideration of it as a thermodynamic system, and the effects of electromagnetism are all useful. Relativity and quantum physics are not directly applicable, but there are significant applications of the structure of matter. Mechanics of the human body is an interesting study. Particle mechanics including kinetics, energetics, and systems of particles is somewhat applicable. The human body can be described as a particle in only limited circumstances. Kinematics including position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be considered. Kinetics including concepts of mass, force, momentum, and types and cases of force can be connected. Rigid body mechanics including body description, rotation, static systems, and dynamic system can also be connected. Nonrigid bodies including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics can also be used. Gravitation is principally applicable because of surface gravitation, Particle celestial mechanics is somewhat useful rigid body and deformable body celestial mechanics are less useful.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Applications of chemistry are also significant. Substances, changes, and chemical systems are all useful. Connections with astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are largely speculative, but local astronomy and information on physical changes in a weightless (orbiting) environment belong here. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory is slightly more useful.

Biology is vital. Molecular biology including inorganic molecules, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including cell anatomy, behavior, and types is significant. This depends most heavily on organism biology including tissues, organ systems, morphology, and life cycle. Behavior including stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction and homeostasis is significant. It depends somewhat on systematics, not so much on microbes, protist, fungi, or plants as animals. Sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes have some connection, biologically speaking, humans are tetrapods. Comparisons with amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are possible, but humans are mammalians. The connections to ecology and biohistory are less direct.

The body is connected to areas of psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, mental disorders, developmental psychology, personality, and social psychology. These connections are not yet well explored. Biography is not yet sufficiently detailed to give much information on the human body, but may be of use later.

Anthropology is also applicable to these studies. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group types, and social group behavior influence them somewhat. Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change is more an applied area and less directly useful. The human body is studied from slightly different perspective in physical anthropology, and human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are significant. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, interactions with other life, and influence of people on the environment may also be useful. Human geography is also significant. Particular groups may also be useful.

Connections to culture including material culture will also be discussed as the site develops. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, applied science, mathematics, and philosophy will be applicable to studies of the human body. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful to studies of the human body. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can also be considered. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization and particular religions can be considered.

Sociology

Social structure and change including social structure, social types, and social change will be useful.

Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be included as the subject is better developed.

Peoples of the world including will be useful. Nations such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be helpful. Western Civilization including peoples of Mexico, have been especially prominent in this study. Anglic peoples including the United States have been prominent. Latin peoples including those of Brazil can also be connected. Northeast european peoples such as those of Russia can be connected.

Asiatic peoples including those of Japan can be considered. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. African peoples including those found in Nigeria can be helpful. American Indian peoples including those found in Mexico have been less directly useful. South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian people such as those found in the United States can be connected.

History

The human body has been studied since prehistory. Formal studies do not seem to have been conducted in early prehistory, middle prehistory, or late prehistory. It is better known from antiquity, and in classical and medieval times. However, many fundamental discoveries have been limited to modern times. Development in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century were rather slow. In the 19th century developments were more rapid. I do not yet specific details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, or late 19th century.

1638 Harvey publishes work giving the first correct description of the function of the heart and circulation of the blood.
c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment.

In the 20th century, knowledge and understanding of the human body has developed substantially. It can be followed to some extent through the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century including the early 2000s. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September and fourth quarter can be connected.

c. 1965 Pincus published work on human endocrine system that lead to development of a birth-control pill.

The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future has not yet been closely examined.

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