Human Body


Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into categories of form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Personal Studies Form and appearance Life cycle Disease Body functions Body Systems

Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into categories of form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems.

Personal Studies

Form and appearance

This refers to visible, external appearance. Things such as height, body shape, sex, skin and hair color, as well as the visible subdivisions and body parts, and their relationship to more fundamental characteristics, are considered.

Life cycle

The stages of human life, including prenatal development, infancy and childhood, adolescence, maturity, old age, and death, and the changes undergone will be discussed in this section.

Disease

The various categories and causes of disease will be discussed in this section, as more detail becomes available. A rough, tentative classification includes trauma, system disorders, and infectious disease. Some diseases are concentrated in particular organs or systems, while others are more general. Diagnosis and treatments will be discussed in culture.

Body functions

This is often called physiology This has to do with the interaction of the human body with the environment, as in strength, nutrition and health, sexuality, and organic psychology.

Body systems

This is also referred to as anatomy. The principal systems of the human body can be grouped into four categories: Control, reproductive, vital, and structural systems.

Control systems include the nervous and endocrine systems.

The reproductive system includes male and female versions.

Vital systems include circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and lymphatic systems.

Structural systems include skeletal, muscular, and Integumentary systems. The skeletal system can subdivided into two main groups: the the axial skeleton (head, spine, chest), and the appendicular skeleton (arms and legs). More details will be given as the site expands.


History Prehistory Formal studies do not seem to have been conducted in prehistory. Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium Bc, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, 6th century BC, and 5th century BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history Early classical times including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval times including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected. Modern history Many fundamental discoveries have been made. Development in the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century was rather slow. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, and mid 17th century can be connected. The late mid 17th century including the early 1660s, late 1660s, early 1670s, and late 1670s can be connected. The late 17th century including the early 1680s, late 1680s, early 1690s, and late 1690s can be connected. 1638 Harvey published work giving the first correct description of the function of the heart and circulation of the blood. 18th century The early 18th century including the early 1700s, late 1700s, early 1710s, and late 1710s can be connected. early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. In the 19th century developments were more rapid. I do not yet have specific details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, or late 19th century. c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment. In the 20th century, knowledge and understanding of the human body has developed substantially. c. 1965 Pincus published work on human endocrine system that lead to development of a birth-control pill. It can be followed to some extent through the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century. Late 20th century The early 1980s including 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 can be connected. The late 1980s including 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected. Early 21st century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September and fourth quarter including October and November can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, and 2011 week 26 can be connected. The future of these studies can be connected. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future and far future have not yet been closely examined. Sociology Peoples of the world Nations such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be helpful. Western Civilization including peoples of Mexico, have been especially prominent in this study. Anglic peoples including the United States have been prominent. Latin peoples including those of Brazil can also be connected. Northeast european peoples such as those of Russia can be connected. Asiatic peoples including those of Japan can be considered. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. African peoples including those found in Nigeria can be helpful. American Indian peoples including those found in Mexico have been less directly useful. South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian people such as those found in the United States can be connected. Communities Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be included as the subject is better developed. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes including the agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be connected. The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including bronze age movements, early iron age movements, late iron age movements, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social types Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected. Hunting and gathering societies can be connected. Social structure including cultural structure and anthropological structure can be connected. Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected. Institutions Religion Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected. Government Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups might be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected. Economics including economic activity and industries can be considered. Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful to studies of the human body. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, and applied science will be applicable to studies of the human body. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Material culture including miscellanous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, agricultural technology, buildings, and industrial technology can also be connected. Anthropology Particular groups may also be useful. Human geography is also significant. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, interactions with other life, and influence of people on the environment may also be useful. The human body is studied from slightly different perspective in physical anthropology, and human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are significant. Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change is more an applied area and less directly useful.Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group types, and social group behavior influence them somewhat. Other Personal studies Biography is not yet sufficiently detailed to give much information on the human body, but may be of use later. The body is connected to areas of psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior paterns, mind, and behavioral elements. These connections are not yet well explored. Science Physical and natural science can be applied to studies of form and appearance, life cycle, disease, human body functions, and body systems. Biology The connections to biohistory and ecology are indirect. It depends somewhat on systematics. Biologically speaking, human beings are animals, specifically tetrapods, more specifically mammalians. Comparison with reptilians, turtles, and amphibians is possible. Fishes, deuterostomes, protostomes, jellyfish, and sponges are less corectly connected. Fungi, plants, protists, and microbes are found in various connections to human beings. This depends most heavily on organism biology. Habitat is important. Behavior including stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction and homeostasis is significant. Life cycle, morphology, organ systems, and tissues are important. Cell biology including cell types, behavior, and cell anatomy is significant. Molecular biology including inorganic molecules, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology is slightly more useful. Connections with astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are largely speculative, but local astronomy and information on physical changes in a weightless (orbiting) environment belong here. Chemistry Applications of chemistry are also significant. Chemical systems and changes are useful. Chemical substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements are important. Physics The application of physics to the human body is somewhat indirect. There are significant applications of the structure of matter. Quantum physics and relativity are less useful. The effects of electromagnetism and consideration of it as a thermodynamic system are useful. Mechanics of the human body is an interesting study. Gravitation is principally applicable because of surface gravitation, Particle celestial mechanics is somewhat useful rigid body and deformable body celestial mechanics are less useful. Nonrigid bodies including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics can also be used. Rigid body mechanics including body description, rotation, static systems, and dynamic system can also be connected. Particle mechanics including kinetics, energetics, and systems of particles is somewhat applicable. The human body can be described as a particle in only limited circumstances. Kinematics including position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be considered. Kinetics including concepts of mass, force, momentum, and types and cases of force can be connected.

History

Prehistory

Formal studies do not seem to have been conducted in prehistory.

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium Bc, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, 6th century BC, and 5th century BC can be connected.

Classical and medieval history

Early classical times including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval times including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

Many fundamental discoveries have been made.

Development in the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century was rather slow.

The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, and mid 17th century can be connected. The late mid 17th century including the early 1660s, late 1660s, early 1670s, and late 1670s can be connected. The late 17th century including the early 1680s, late 1680s, early 1690s, and late 1690s can be connected.

1638 Harvey published work giving the first correct description of the function of the heart and circulation of the blood.

18th century

The early 18th century including the early 1700s, late 1700s, early 1710s, and late 1710s can be connected. early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected.

In the 19th century developments were more rapid. I do not yet have specific details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, or late 19th century.

c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment.

In the 20th century, knowledge and understanding of the human body has developed substantially.

c. 1965 Pincus published work on human endocrine system that lead to development of a birth-control pill.

It can be followed to some extent through the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century.

Late 20th century

The early 1980s including 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 can be connected. The late 1980s including 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s including 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September and fourth quarter including October and November can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 and March 2011 can be connected.

The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, and 2011 week 26 can be connected.

The future of these studies can be connected. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future and far future have not yet been closely examined.

Sociology

Peoples of the world

Nations such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be helpful. Western Civilization including peoples of Mexico, have been especially prominent in this study. Anglic peoples including the United States have been prominent. Latin peoples including those of Brazil can also be connected. Northeast european peoples such as those of Russia can be connected.

Asiatic peoples including those of Japan can be considered. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. African peoples including those found in Nigeria can be helpful. American Indian peoples including those found in Mexico have been less directly useful. South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian people such as those found in the United States can be connected.

Communities

Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be included as the subject is better developed.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes including the agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be connected. The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including bronze age movements, early iron age movements, late iron age movements, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected.

Social types

Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected. Hunting and gathering societies can be connected.

Social structure including cultural structure and anthropological structure can be connected. Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected.

Government

Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups might be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected.

Economics including economic activity and industries can be considered. Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected.

Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful to studies of the human body.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered.

Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, and applied science will be applicable to studies of the human body. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected.

Material culture including miscellanous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, agricultural technology, buildings, and industrial technology can also be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups may also be useful. Human geography is also significant. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, interactions with other life, and influence of people on the environment may also be useful. The human body is studied from slightly different perspective in physical anthropology, and human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are significant. Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure, and population change is more an applied area and less directly useful.Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group types, and social group behavior influence them somewhat.

Other Personal studies

Biography is not yet sufficiently detailed to give much information on the human body, but may be of use later. The body is connected to areas of psychology including social psychology, personality, developmental psychology, mental disorders, behavior paterns, mind, and behavioral elements. These connections are not yet well explored.

Science

Physical and natural science can be applied to studies of form and appearance, life cycle, disease, human body functions, and body systems.

Biology

The connections to biohistory and ecology are indirect. It depends somewhat on systematics. Biologically speaking, human beings are animals, specifically tetrapods, more specifically mammalians. Comparison with reptilians, turtles, and amphibians is possible. Fishes, deuterostomes, protostomes, jellyfish, and sponges are less corectly connected. Fungi, plants, protists, and microbes are found in various connections to human beings. This depends most heavily on organism biology. Habitat is important. Behavior including stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction and homeostasis is significant. Life cycle, morphology, organ systems, and tissues are important. Cell biology including cell types, behavior, and cell anatomy is significant. Molecular biology including inorganic molecules, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful.

Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology is slightly more useful. Connections with astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are largely speculative, but local astronomy and information on physical changes in a weightless (orbiting) environment belong here.

Chemistry

Applications of chemistry are also significant. Chemical systems and changes are useful. Chemical substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements are important.

Physics

The application of physics to the human body is somewhat indirect. There are significant applications of the structure of matter. Quantum physics and relativity are less useful. The effects of electromagnetism and consideration of it as a thermodynamic system are useful. Mechanics of the human body is an interesting study. Gravitation is principally applicable because of surface gravitation, Particle celestial mechanics is somewhat useful rigid body and deformable body celestial mechanics are less useful. Nonrigid bodies including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics can also be used. Rigid body mechanics including body description, rotation, static systems, and dynamic system can also be connected. Particle mechanics including kinetics, energetics, and systems of particles is somewhat applicable. The human body can be described as a particle in only limited circumstances. Kinematics including position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be considered. Kinetics including concepts of mass, force, momentum, and types and cases of force can be connected.

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