Personal Studies


Personal studies deals with the examination of human beings on the level of individuals. Biography is the examination of particular individuals. The examination of the human mind and behavior in psychology builds on the foundation of the structure and functioning of the human body. Although biography could well be included as part of history, the principle of organization used on this site groups it with the others as part of studies of people as individuals, rather than in groups. Psychology has often been treated as a branch of medicine, but psychiatry and the treatment of mental disorders is considered either with medical science or as an occpuation. The human body is traditionally studied as part of medicine, but on this site, studies of anatomy and physiology are treated here, while the diagnosis and treatment of disease are treated under either medical science, one of the applied science, or medicine as an occupation.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Biography Psychology Human body

Personal studies deals with the examination of human beings on the level of individuals. Biography is the examination of particular individuals. The examination of the human mind and behavior in psychology builds on the foundation of the structure and functioning of the human body.

Although biography could well be included as part of history, the principle of organization used on this site groups it with the others as part of studies of people as individuals, rather than in groups.

Psychology has often been treated as a branch of medicine, but psychiatry and the treatment of mental disorders is considered either with medical science or as an occpuation.

The human body is traditionally studied as part of medicine, but on this site, studies of anatomy and physiology are treated here, while the diagnosis and treatment of disease are treated under either medical science, one of the applied science, or medicine as an occupation.

Biography

Individuals are listed in alphabetical order with dates of birth and death, and limited identifying information.

Psychology

Psychology is not as well organized as the physical and natural sciences, although work has been progressing. There is not the body of universally accepted results that there is in these sciences, and there are some important differences. Subdivisions include social psychology, developmental psychology, personality, mental disorders, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements.

Human Body

Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function,and body systems .


History Studies of biography, psychology, and the human body are little known in prehistory, but begin to appear in antiquity. There were some develeopments in classical and medieval times, but these are best known from modern times. Their future has not yet been carefully examined.
Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to studies of the human body, psychology, and biography.
Institutions Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be applied to studies of biography, psychology, and the human body.
Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events such as holidays, gatherings, disasters, and miscellaneous events will be useful. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music wll also be significant. Occupations including service oriented occupations such as institutional services, business and commercial services, sports, recreation, and entertainment, and social and medical services, industrial, communication related, transportation related, building related, and food-related occupations are important. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs are significant.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Conceptual Philosophy including schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic may be useful. Applied science such as applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering, and measurement may be useful. Mathematics including statistics, perhaps some analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be applied. Literature including literary works, types and genres, forms of literature, and oral tradition will also be useful. Graphic arts including computer graphics, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing have various degrees of usefulness in personal studies. Language can be used to examine personal studies. Languages of the world including Indo-European languages, Afro-Asiatic lanuages, Asian languages, African languages, and American Indian languages can be considered. Writing including ideographic, syllabic, and alphabetic writing can be connected. Linguistics including linguistic change, semantics, syntax, word forms, and phonetics can be considered. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, medicines, weaponry, and toys can be connected. Communications technology including electric graphical, and written, will be useful. Transportation technology including space technology, air, water, land, and vessels is important. Clothing including adornment, garments, and fabrics is also significant. Foodstuffs including , prepared foods, processed and preserved foods, and agricultural productsare important. Buildings including outdoor structures, complete buildings, parts, furnishings, and materials are also important.Industrial technology including high technology, utilities, machinery, chemical technology, fuel, and tools will be useful.
Anthropology Particular groups Particular groups will be significant.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Human geography HUman geography allows the connection of particular environments and places to personal studies. The enviroments of current interest include European geography such as Balkan, Italiian, Iberian, Eastern European, Northwest European geography, Island European, and Scandinavian geography, Asian geography, including Southwest Asia down to the level of the Near East and Arabia, South asia, Oriental geography, Southeast Asian geography, North Asian geography, African geography including North African geography, East African, West African, North Central African, South Central African, and Southern African geography, North American geography including Northern North American geography, US geography, and Southern North American geography can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology Human effects on the environment can be considered. Other life forms can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected. Physical anthropology Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected. Demography Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected. Social foundations Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interactions can be connected. Social presentation can be connected.
Natural Science Biology Biology is the most useful of the sciences. Biohistory is minimally useful for personal studies. Ecology is minimally useful to personal studies. Systematics is somewhat useful. Microbes, protists, fungi, and plants are less significant. Biologically speaking, men are grouped with the animals, Examination of sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes may be useful for detailed and comparative studies, but humankind belongs with the Tetrapods. Amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are useful for some studies, but humankind is further classed with mammalians. Primates are increasingly relevant for comparative studies. Organism biology, including tissues, organ systems and morphology are useful. life cycle including studies of genetics, embryology, growth, reproduction, disorders, senesence and death is closely connected. General concepts of behavior such as habitat, stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis form much of the basis of human behavior. Cell biology including call anatomy, cell behavior, and cell types may also be useful. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Earth science Geohistory seems to be minimally important. Physical geography including mapping, especially terrestrial geography, and to some extent oceanic geography is also useful, though the connection to Eurasia is not yet quite clear. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meeorology, and climatology is also somewhat useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and freshwater is also somewhat useful. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior giology is somewhat useful. Astronomy Connections with astronomy are largely indirect. The connection with cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, astrocartography are primarily speculative. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, and interplanetary medium is mostly somewhat speculative but will be considered. Chemistry Numerous systems including solids, liquid, gaseous, inorganic and organic are important. Changes are also important. Physical changes are also important. Freezing, boiling, and sublimation are not especially useful, but mixing and separation are. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical and electronic rearrangement, chemical thermodynamics and kinetics may also be useful. Nuclear reactions including fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission have been examined. This involves many different substances. There is a huge variety of mixtures and compounds important to human life but a limited number of elements involved. Physics The application of phsyics to personal studies is somewhat indirect. The structure of matter is useful. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful in the study of effects of radiation. Atomic physics including nuclear and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including molecular bonding, structure, and behavior can also be connected. Bulk matter physics, including particularly solids, but also liquids, and to a lesser extent gases can be considered. Quantum mechanics and relativity are hardly used at all. There are some connections to electromagnetism. Electrostatics including discussions of charge and charge distribution, electric field, force, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter is sometimes useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetid field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter can be applied. Optics is also useful. Electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics are useful. Humans can only directly percieve a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but are affected by much more of it. A few connections to Thermodynamics are useful. nonequilibrium thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes may be useful. classical thermodynamics involving thermodynamic systems, states, and processes may be useful. Statistical mechanics is at rather too low a level. There are a few possible connections to mechanics. In Gravitation, nonrigid celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and particle celestial mechanics, are hardly useful at all. Its useful principally because of surface gravitation.Nonrigid mechanics including wave mechanics and fluid mechanics is useful. Deformable bodies can also be considered. There is more information from rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static systems, rotational dynamics, and rigid body description and motion. Particle mechanics also has some elementary applications. Particle systems including system properties, particle interactions, and simplified systems have some elementary applications. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is also useful. Kinetics including concepts of types and cases of force, force concepts, and momentum is sometimes useful. The average mass of human bodies is in the neigborhood of 80 kg. Kinematics involving types and cases of motion, and acceleration can be used. For physical purposes, people normally walk about 3 mph, or 1.3 m/sec and can on occasion run up to 6.7 m/sec over a distance of a mile. Positions can be considered using various systems. Treating individuals as particles is a gross oversimplification, but appropriate for some problems.

History

Studies of biography, psychology, and the human body are little known in prehistory, but begin to appear in antiquity. There were some develeopments in classical and medieval times, but these are best known from modern times. Their future has not yet been carefully examined.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to studies of the human body, psychology, and biography.

Institutions

Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be applied to studies of biography, psychology, and the human body.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events such as holidays, gatherings, disasters, and miscellaneous events will be useful. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music wll also be significant. Occupations including service oriented occupations such as institutional services, business and commercial services, sports, recreation, and entertainment, and social and medical services, industrial, communication related, transportation related, building related, and food-related occupations are important. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs are significant.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Conceptual

Philosophy including schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic may be useful. Applied science such as applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering, and measurement may be useful. Mathematics including statistics, perhaps some analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be applied. Literature including literary works, types and genres, forms of literature, and oral tradition will also be useful. Graphic arts including computer graphics, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing have various degrees of usefulness in personal studies. Language can be used to examine personal studies. Languages of the world including Indo-European languages, Afro-Asiatic lanuages, Asian languages, African languages, and American Indian languages can be considered. Writing including ideographic, syllabic, and alphabetic writing can be connected. Linguistics including linguistic change, semantics, syntax, word forms, and phonetics can be considered.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, medicines, weaponry, and toys can be connected. Communications technology including electric graphical, and written, will be useful. Transportation technology including space technology, air, water, land, and vessels is important. Clothing including adornment, garments, and fabrics is also significant. Foodstuffs including , prepared foods, processed and preserved foods, and agricultural productsare important. Buildings including outdoor structures, complete buildings, parts, furnishings, and materials are also important.Industrial technology including high technology, utilities, machinery, chemical technology, fuel, and tools will be useful.

Anthropology

Particular groups

Particular groups will be significant.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Human geography

HUman geography allows the connection of particular environments and places to personal studies. The enviroments of current interest include European geography such as Balkan, Italiian, Iberian, Eastern European, Northwest European geography, Island European, and Scandinavian geography, Asian geography, including Southwest Asia down to the level of the Near East and Arabia, South asia, Oriental geography, Southeast Asian geography, North Asian geography, African geography including North African geography, East African, West African, North Central African, South Central African, and Southern African geography, North American geography including Northern North American geography, US geography, and Southern North American geography can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected.

Human ecology

Human effects on the environment can be considered. Other life forms can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected.

Physical anthropology

Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected.

Demography

Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected.

Social foundations

Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interactions can be connected. Social presentation can be connected.

Natural Science

Biology

Biology is the most useful of the sciences. Biohistory is minimally useful for personal studies. Ecology is minimally useful to personal studies. Systematics is somewhat useful. Microbes, protists, fungi, and plants are less significant. Biologically speaking, men are grouped with the animals, Examination of sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes may be useful for detailed and comparative studies, but humankind belongs with the Tetrapods. Amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are useful for some studies, but humankind is further classed with mammalians. Primates are increasingly relevant for comparative studies. Organism biology, including tissues, organ systems and morphology are useful. life cycle including studies of genetics, embryology, growth, reproduction, disorders, senesence and death is closely connected. General concepts of behavior such as habitat, stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis form much of the basis of human behavior. Cell biology including call anatomy, cell behavior, and cell types may also be useful. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Earth science

Geohistory seems to be minimally important. Physical geography including mapping, especially terrestrial geography, and to some extent oceanic geography is also useful, though the connection to Eurasia is not yet quite clear. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meeorology, and climatology is also somewhat useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and freshwater is also somewhat useful. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior giology is somewhat useful.

Astronomy

Connections with astronomy are largely indirect. The connection with cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, astrocartography are primarily speculative. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, and interplanetary medium is mostly somewhat speculative but will be considered.

Chemistry

Numerous systems including solids, liquid, gaseous, inorganic and organic are important. Changes are also important. Physical changes are also important. Freezing, boiling, and sublimation are not especially useful, but mixing and separation are. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical and electronic rearrangement, chemical thermodynamics and kinetics may also be useful. Nuclear reactions including fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission have been examined. This involves many different substances. There is a huge variety of mixtures and compounds important to human life but a limited number of elements involved.

Physics

The application of phsyics to personal studies is somewhat indirect. The structure of matter is useful. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful in the study of effects of radiation. Atomic physics including nuclear and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including molecular bonding, structure, and behavior can also be connected. Bulk matter physics, including particularly solids, but also liquids, and to a lesser extent gases can be considered. Quantum mechanics and relativity are hardly used at all. There are some connections to electromagnetism. Electrostatics including discussions of charge and charge distribution, electric field, force, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter is sometimes useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetid field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter can be applied. Optics is also useful. Electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics are useful. Humans can only directly percieve a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but are affected by much more of it. A few connections to Thermodynamics are useful. nonequilibrium thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes may be useful. classical thermodynamics involving thermodynamic systems, states, and processes may be useful. Statistical mechanics is at rather too low a level.

There are a few possible connections to mechanics. In Gravitation, nonrigid celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and particle celestial mechanics, are hardly useful at all. Its useful principally because of surface gravitation.Nonrigid mechanics including wave mechanics and fluid mechanics is useful. Deformable bodies can also be considered.

There is more information from rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static systems, rotational dynamics, and rigid body description and motion.

Particle mechanics also has some elementary applications. Particle systems including system properties, particle interactions, and simplified systems have some elementary applications. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is also useful. Kinetics including concepts of types and cases of force, force concepts, and momentum is sometimes useful. The average mass of human bodies is in the neigborhood of 80 kg. Kinematics involving types and cases of motion, and acceleration can be used. For physical purposes, people normally walk about 3 mph, or 1.3 m/sec and can on occasion run up to 6.7 m/sec over a distance of a mile. Positions can be considered using various systems. Treating individuals as particles is a gross oversimplification, but appropriate for some problems.

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