Personal studies


Personal studies deals with the examination of human beings on the level of individuals. These studies include the structure and functioning of the human body. The examination of the human mind and behavior in psychology builds on this foundation. Biography is the examination of particular individuals. The human body is traditionally studied as part of medicine, but on this site, studies of anatomy and physiology are treated here, while the diagnosis and tratment of disease are treated under either medical science, one of the applied science, or medicine as an occupation. Psychology is treated in a similar fashion. Although biography could well be included as part of history, the principle of organization used on this site groups it with the others as part of studies of people as individuals, rather than in groups.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Human body Psychology Biography

Personal studies deals with the examination of human beings on the level of individuals. These studies include the structure and functioning of the human body. The examination of the human mind and behavior in psychology builds on this foundation. Biography is the examination of particular individuals.

The human body is traditionally studied as part of medicine, but on this site, studies of anatomy and physiology are treated here, while the diagnosis and tratment of disease are treated under either medical science, one of the applied science, or medicine as an occupation. Psychology is treated in a similar fashion. Although biography could well be included as part of history, the principle of organization used on this site groups it with the others as part of studies of people as individuals, rather than in groups.

Human Body

Studies of the human body can be roughly divided into Body systems, body function, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance.

Psychology

Psychology is not as well organized as the physical and natural sciences, although work has been progressing. There is not the body of universally accepted results that there is in these sciences, and there are some important differences. Subdivisions include behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology.

Biography

Individuals are listed in alphabetical order with dates of birth and death, and limited identifying information.


Natural Science The application of physics to personal studies is somewhat indirect. There are a few possible connections to mechanics. Particle mechanics also has some elementary applications. Treating individuals as particles is a gross oversimplification, but appropriate for some problems. Kinematics involving position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be used. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and cases of force is sometimes useful. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is also useful. Particle systems including system properties, particle interactions, and simplified systems have some elementary applications.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
There is more information from rigid body mechanics including rigid body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is useful. Gravitation is useful principally because of surface gravitation: Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics are hardly useful at all. A few connections to thermodynamics are useful. Statistical mechanics is at rather too low a level, but classical thermodynamics involving thermodynamic systems, states, and processes may be useful, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes may also be useful. There are some connections to electromagnetism. Electrostatics including discussions of charge and charge distribution, electric field, force, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter is sometimes useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetid field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter can be applied. Optics is also useful. Electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics are useful. Humans can only directly percieve a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but are affected by much more of it. Relativity and quantum mechanics are hardly used at all. The structure of matter is also useful. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful in the study of effects of radiation. Atomic physics including nuclear and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including molecular bonding, structure, and behavior can also be connected. Bulk matter physics, including particularly solids, but also liquids, and to a lesser extent gases can be considered. Chemistry involves many different substances. There is a limited number of elements involved, but a huge variety of compounds and mixtures important to human life. Changes are also important. Nuclear reactions including fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission have been examined. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical and electronic rearrangement, chemical thermodynamics and kinetics may also be useful. Physical changes are also important. Freezing, boiling, and sublimation are not especially useful, but mixing and separation are. Numerous systems including solids, liquid, gaseous, inorganic and organic are also important. Connections with astronomy are largely indirect. The connection with cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, astrocartography are primarily speculative. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, and interplanetary medium is mostly somewhat speculative but will be considered. Earth science is also important. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior giology is somewhat useful. Hydrospheric science indluding oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and freshwater is also somewhat useful. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meeorology, and climatology is also somewhat useful. Physical geography including mapping, especially terrestrial geography, and to some extent oceanic geography is also useful, though the connection to Eurasia is not yet quite clear. Geohistory seems to be minimally important. Biology is the most useful of the sciences. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including call anatomy, cell behavior, and cell types may also be useful.Organism biology, including tissues, organ systems and morphology are useful. life cycle including studies of genetics, embryology, growth, reproduction, disorders, senesence and death is closely connected. General concepts of behavior such as habitat, stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis form much of the basis of human behavior. Systematics is somewhat useful. Microbes, protists, fungi, and plants are less significant. Biologically speaking, men are grouped with the animals, Examination of sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes may be useful for detailed and comparative studies, but humankind belongs with the Tetrapods. Amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are useful for some studies, but humankind is further classed with mammalians. Primates are increasingly relevant for comparative studies. Ecology is minimally useful to personal studies. Biohistory is also less useful.
Anthropology Social foundations is a vital area of study. Social presentation, interactions, social control, social group types, and social group behavior all influence personal studies at one level or another.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure and population chnage is also useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are likely to be significant. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, other life forms, and the effects of people on the environment can be connected. Human geography allows the connection of particular environments and places to personal studies. The enviroments of current interest include European geography such as Northwest Europe, Asian geography, including Southwest Asia down to the level of the Near East and Arabia, African geography including North African geography, North American geography including US geography, South American, and Oceanic geography. Particular groups are significant.
Culture Material culture Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology will be useful. Buildings including materials, parts, furnishings, complete buildings, and outdoor structures are also important. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods are important. Clothing including fabrics, garments, and adornment is also significant. Transportation technology including vessels, land, water, air, and space technology is important. Communications technology including written, graphical, and electric will be useful. Other artifacts such as toys, weaponry, medicines, musical instruments, and sculpture can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Conceptual Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world can be used to examine personal studies. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, printmaking, cartography, photography, and computer graphics have various degrees of usefulness in personal studies. Literature including oral tradition, forms of literature, types and genres, and literary works will also be useful. Mathematics including foundations, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, perhaps some analysis, and statistics can be applied. Applied science such as measurement, engineering, navigation, medical science, information science, accounting, and applied social science may be useful. Philosophy including logic, epistemlogy, metaphysics, ethics, . aesthetics, special topics, and schools and doctrines may be useful. Behavioral culture Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication related, industrial, and service-oriented occupations are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games and sports wll also be significant. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, disasters, meetings, and holidays will be useful.
Institutions Families, including marriage, parent-child, and kinship relations, as demonstrated by particular families, are influential.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Education, including teaching, cultural institutions, research, school systems, and particular schools is also significant. Economics is useful. Economic activities including producation, distribution, and consumption ca be connected. Industries including companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon, Royal Dutch Shell, and agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services are also useful. Economic systems including topics such as as firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be examined. Government has influence on personal studies. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments also has some connection. Religion is variously useful. Religious beliefs and religious practice somewhat influence personal studies. Religious organization influences personal studies. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structure religion is sometimes significant. Religious traditions also influence personal studies. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism is especially significant. Asiatic religions including Persian, Indian, and Oriental religion are also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan. American Indian pagan, and neopagan religion is also useful. Secularism can be connected.
Sociology Social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world can be applied to studies of the human body, psychology, and biography.
History Studies of the human body, psychology, and biography are little known in prehistory, but begin to appear in antiquity. There were some develeopments in classical and medieval times, but thse are best known from modern times. Their future has not yet been carefully examined.

Natural Science

The application of physics to personal studies is somewhat indirect. There are a few possible connections to mechanics. Particle mechanics also has some elementary applications. Treating individuals as particles is a gross oversimplification, but appropriate for some problems. Kinematics involving position, velocity, acceleration, and types and cases of motion can be used. Kinetics including concepts of mass, momentum, force, and cases of force is sometimes useful. Energetics including concepts of work, mechanical energy, and power is also useful. Particle systems including system properties, particle interactions, and simplified systems have some elementary applications.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

There is more information from rigid body mechanics including rigid body description and motion, rotational dynamics, static systems, and dynamic systems. Nonrigid mechanics including deformable bodies, fluid mechanics, and wave mechanics is useful. Gravitation is useful principally because of surface gravitation: Particle celestial mechanics, rigid body celestial mechanics, and nonrigid celestial mechanics are hardly useful at all. A few connections to thermodynamics are useful. Statistical mechanics is at rather too low a level, but classical thermodynamics involving thermodynamic systems, states, and processes may be useful, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics including systems, states, and processes may also be useful. There are some connections to electromagnetism. Electrostatics including discussions of charge and charge distribution, electric field, force, flux, potential, capacitance, and electrical properties of matter is sometimes useful. Electric current including current definition, EMF, Resistance, DC circuits, and AC circuits can also be useful. Magnetism including current elements, current assemblages, magnetid field, force, flux, and magnetic properties of matter can be applied. Optics is also useful. Electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, physical optics, quantum optics are useful. Humans can only directly percieve a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but are affected by much more of it. Relativity and quantum mechanics are hardly used at all. The structure of matter is also useful. Subatomic physics including particles and interactions is useful in the study of effects of radiation. Atomic physics including nuclear and electronic physics is also useful. Molecular physics including molecular bonding, structure, and behavior can also be connected. Bulk matter physics, including particularly solids, but also liquids, and to a lesser extent gases can be considered.

Chemistry involves many different substances. There is a limited number of elements involved, but a huge variety of compounds and mixtures important to human life. Changes are also important. Nuclear reactions including fusion, transmutation, radioactive decay, and fission have been examined. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry, mechanical and electronic rearrangement, chemical thermodynamics and kinetics may also be useful. Physical changes are also important. Freezing, boiling, and sublimation are not especially useful, but mixing and separation are. Numerous systems including solids, liquid, gaseous, inorganic and organic are also important.

Connections with astronomy are largely indirect. The connection with cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy including the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, astrocartography are primarily speculative. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, and interplanetary medium is mostly somewhat speculative but will be considered.

Earth science is also important. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior giology is somewhat useful. Hydrospheric science indluding oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and freshwater is also somewhat useful. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meeorology, and climatology is also somewhat useful. Physical geography including mapping, especially terrestrial geography, and to some extent oceanic geography is also useful, though the connection to Eurasia is not yet quite clear. Geohistory seems to be minimally important.

Biology is the most useful of the sciences. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including call anatomy, cell behavior, and cell types may also be useful.Organism biology, including tissues, organ systems and morphology are useful. life cycle including studies of genetics, embryology, growth, reproduction, disorders, senesence and death is closely connected. General concepts of behavior such as habitat, stimulus response, motion, respiration and nutrition, growth and reproduction, and homeostasis form much of the basis of human behavior. Systematics is somewhat useful. Microbes, protists, fungi, and plants are less significant. Biologically speaking, men are grouped with the animals, Examination of sponges, jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes, and fishes may be useful for detailed and comparative studies, but humankind belongs with the Tetrapods. Amphibians, turtles, and reptilians are useful for some studies, but humankind is further classed with mammalians. Primates are increasingly relevant for comparative studies. Ecology is minimally useful to personal studies. Biohistory is also less useful.

Anthropology

Social foundations is a vital area of study. Social presentation, interactions, social control, social group types, and social group behavior all influence personal studies at one level or another.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Demography including studies of birth, migration, death, population structure and population chnage is also useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion are likely to be significant. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, other life forms, and the effects of people on the environment can be connected.

Human geography allows the connection of particular environments and places to personal studies. The enviroments of current interest include European geography such as Northwest Europe, Asian geography, including Southwest Asia down to the level of the Near East and Arabia, African geography including North African geography, North American geography including US geography, South American, and Oceanic geography.

Particular groups are significant.

Culture

Material culture

Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology will be useful. Buildings including materials, parts, furnishings, complete buildings, and outdoor structures are also important. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods are important. Clothing including fabrics, garments, and adornment is also significant. Transportation technology including vessels, land, water, air, and space technology is important. Communications technology including written, graphical, and electric will be useful. Other artifacts such as toys, weaponry, medicines, musical instruments, and sculpture can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Conceptual

Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world can be used to examine personal studies. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, printmaking, cartography, photography, and computer graphics have various degrees of usefulness in personal studies. Literature including oral tradition, forms of literature, types and genres, and literary works will also be useful. Mathematics including foundations, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, perhaps some analysis, and statistics can be applied. Applied science such as measurement, engineering, navigation, medical science, information science, accounting, and applied social science may be useful. Philosophy including logic, epistemlogy, metaphysics, ethics, . aesthetics, special topics, and schools and doctrines may be useful.

Behavioral culture

Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication related, industrial, and service-oriented occupations are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games and sports wll also be significant. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, disasters, meetings, and holidays will be useful.

Institutions

Families, including marriage, parent-child, and kinship relations, as demonstrated by particular families, are influential.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Education, including teaching, cultural institutions, research, school systems, and particular schools is also significant.

Economics is useful. Economic activities including producation, distribution, and consumption ca be connected. Industries including companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon, Royal Dutch Shell, and agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services are also useful. Economic systems including topics such as as firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be examined.

Government has influence on personal studies. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments also has some connection.

Religion is variously useful. Religious beliefs and religious practice somewhat influence personal studies. Religious organization influences personal studies. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structure religion is sometimes significant. Religious traditions also influence personal studies. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism is especially significant. Asiatic religions including Persian, Indian, and Oriental religion are also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan. American Indian pagan, and neopagan religion is also useful. Secularism can be connected.

Sociology

Social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world can be applied to studies of the human body, psychology, and biography.

History

Studies of the human body, psychology, and biography are little known in prehistory, but begin to appear in antiquity. There were some develeopments in classical and medieval times, but thse are best known from modern times. Their future has not yet been carefully examined.

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