Government


The study of government is termed political science. A survey of political science shows a great variety of organizational schemes and ideologies, each its own weaknesses. The organization used here is unique to this site. It is also developing and subject to modification and reorganization as more information is gathered. Government is divided into four categories. These are particular governments, government activities, structure of government, and law.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Particular governments Government Activities Government Structure Law

The study of government is termed political science. A survey of political science shows a great variety of organizational schemes and ideologies, each its own weaknesses. The organization used here is unique to this site. It is also developing and subject to modification and reorganization as more information is gathered.

Government is divided into four categories. These are particular governments, government activities, structure of government, and law.

Institutions

Particular governments

This includes studies of various levels of government, including local, national, and international governments and governing organizations.

Government Activities

This has been, for now, divided into three general categories: administration, succession, and state relations.

Government structure

Government structure includes such subjects as political parties, judicial, legislative, and executive bodies, heads of state, and forms of government.

Law

This is divided into sections on Tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law.


History The history of particular governments, government activities, government structure, and law is one of several important approaches to the study of government. Developments of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history can be considered, and limited projections into the future can be made.	External links Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources The Ultimate Political Science Links Page Political Science Internet Resources
Sociology Peoples give one basis of organization of government and political studies. Governments are closely associated with but not quite identical to nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ Tunisia, Czech Republic, Guinea, Rwanda, Serbia, Chad, Hungary, Belarus, Somalia, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Sweden, Haiti, Burundi, Benin, Austria, Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, Hong Kong, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua, Togo, Nicaragua, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgystan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Central African Republic, Moldova, Costa Rica, New Zealand Ireland, Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Puerto Rico, Congo, Albania, Lithuania, Uruguay Mauritania, Liberia, Oman, Panama, Mongolia, Armenia, Jamaica, Kuwait Latvia, Lesotho, Kosovo, and Namibia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Botswana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Estonia, and Mauritius] Western government is especially significant. Belgium can be connected. Anglic peoples have significantly influenced its development. British models of government beginning with the UK has been influential worldwide. Anglo-american peoples including the United States, Canada, and British Caribbean peoples have based their governments on British, as have the Anglo-Australian peoples such as those of Australia. Cities such as New York City and Los Angeles may also be considered. Latin peoples, including Portugal can be connected. Cities such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo are also significant. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples have also made contributions. Cuba has made some contributions. Spain can be considered. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including Mexico and Guatemala can be connected. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador can be considered. Hispanic Peruvian American peoples including those of Peru and Chile can be connected. Hispanic Argentine American peoples including Argentina can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples, including Germany in particular and the Netherlands are significant. Northeast European governments including those of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland are also prominent. Balkan peoples including those of Romania and Greece can be connected to government. Scandinavian peoples have made contributions to government. The government of asiatic peoples also needs to be considered. [Cambodia]. Middle eastern peoples including those of Syria have a long history. Cities such as Cairo can be connected. Levantine governments can be considered. Turkey provides important examples. Egypt provides important examples. Mesopotamian governments such as those of Iraq can be connected. Persian governments including those of Iran and Afghanistan can be connected. Arabian governments such as those of Saudi Arabia and Yemen can be considered. North African styles of government such as those in Morocco and Algeria can be considered. South Asian govenments including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka may be useful to study. Cities such as Bombay and Delhi will also be significant. Central Asian governments such as those of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan need to be taken into account in studies of govenment and politics. Oriental governments including those of China with its city of Shanghai, Taiwan, Japan with its city of Tokyo, South Korea with its city of Seoul, and North Korea governments need to be taken into account. Cities such as Osaka may also be considered. Southeast Asian government such as in Australia and cities such as Jakarta can also be examined. Peoples of Mainland Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, and Malaysia can be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including those of Indonesia and the Philippines can be considered. African governments including those of Zambia have not yet been well considered. Eastern African governments including those of Uganda can be connected. Northern East African peoples including Ethiopia can be considered. Interior East African peoples including Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples including Tanzania and Kenya can be considered in studies of government. Western African peoples incuding those of Mali can be examined. Southern Coastal West African governments including those of Nigeria, Ghana , and Cote d'Ivoire can be connected. Western Coastal West African peoples including Senegal can be connected. Interior West African peoples such as those of Burkina Faso and Niger can be considered. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, and Zimbabwe can be connected. Central African peoples including those of Congo Cameroon, and Angola can be connected. American Indian peoples have been subjugated by western-derived governments. Guatemala Cuba can be considered. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those found in the Southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples as found in Ecuador can be considered. Amazonian peoples such as those of Brazil and Argentina can be considered. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile can be connected. Cono/Southern American Indian peoples of Argentina and Chile can be connected. North American Indians as found in the United States and Canada can be connected. Eastern North American Indians, Western North American Indians, and Northern North American Indian peoples can be connected. Particular communities are considered below under the nations they belong to. [Calcutta] Social structure and change will be significant. Social change is significant. Particular changes including agricultural revolution, and agrarian revolution have influenced government. The Industrial revolution including early, middle, and late or computerization stages is important. Processes of change including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Social change factors such as natural, demographic, cultural, and institutional change are significant. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial peoples have influence on government. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure will be significant. Other Institutions Religion There is connection to particular traditions. Abrahamic religion has been highly significant. Christianity including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthdoxy, other Christian, and Mormon influences can be described. Islam and Judaism have been highly significant. Asiatic religion such as Indian religion with Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Persian religion witn Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and Oriental religion with Confucianism, and Taoism is also connected to government. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion was important in early history. Secularism is also connected. Religious organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization is also connected to government. Religious practice and beliefs are useful in government. Economics Government is closely connected to economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms. Industries with companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services, and activities of production, exchange, and consumption are also important. Education will be useful. Schools including primary education, secondary eduction, and higher education are useful. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration will be useful. Cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be considered. Government depends to some extent on families. particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage are all connected to government. Culture Government also uses behavioral culture. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, meetings, and disasters can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports are important. Occupations such as food related, building related, transportation related, communications related, industrial, and service occupations can be connected. Customs are also important. Conceptual culture is useful. Philosophy including metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and particular schools and doctrines is also significant. Applied science including measurement, engineering science, navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science will be vital in studies of government. Mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language involving linguistics, writing, and languages of the world are also useful. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothings, foodstuffs, buildings, and industrial technology is all significant. Anthropology Government is constructed of particular groups. The Wright brothers are minimally important. Human geography is also connected to government. This includes European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography. Asian geography incuuding Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia may be useful. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life forms, and the influence of people on the environment is also significant. Physical anthropology is also an important aid to the study of government. Human origins and racial variation are less influential than human dispersion. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and strucure, and population change is important in government. Social foundations include social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types. Personal studies Biography is very significant. Leading figures include: Mohammed Newton Jesus Buddha Confucius Paul Ts'ai Lun Columbus Aristotle Alexander Moses Shih Huang Ti Augustus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Washington Marx Genghis Khan Adam Smith Napoleon Psychology will be a little more useful. Behavior elements, mind, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be useful. For the human body, body systems and body functions are not especially important. Adjustments to disease and the human life cycle are significant, but personal appearance is not directly important. Science is at best indirectly important to government. Biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics may be useful.

History

The history of particular governments, government activities, government structure, and law is one of several important approaches to the study of government. Developments of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history can be considered, and limited projections into the future can be made.

External links
Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources
The Ultimate Political Science Links Page
Political Science Internet Resources

Sociology

Peoples give one basis of organization of government and political studies. Governments are closely associated with but not quite identical to nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ Tunisia, Czech Republic, Guinea, Rwanda, Serbia, Chad, Hungary, Belarus, Somalia, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Sweden, Haiti, Burundi, Benin, Austria, Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, Hong Kong, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua, Togo, Nicaragua, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgystan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Central African Republic, Moldova, Costa Rica, New Zealand Ireland, Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Puerto Rico, Congo, Albania, Lithuania, Uruguay Mauritania, Liberia, Oman, Panama, Mongolia, Armenia, Jamaica, Kuwait Latvia, Lesotho, Kosovo, and Namibia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Botswana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Estonia, and Mauritius]

Western government is especially significant. Belgium can be connected. Anglic peoples have significantly influenced its development. British models of government beginning with the UK has been influential worldwide. Anglo-american peoples including the United States, Canada, and British Caribbean peoples have based their governments on British, as have the Anglo-Australian peoples such as those of Australia. Cities such as New York City and Los Angeles may also be considered. Latin peoples, including Portugal can be connected. Cities such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo are also significant. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples have also made contributions. Cuba has made some contributions. Spain can be considered. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including Mexico and Guatemala can be connected. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador can be considered. Hispanic Peruvian American peoples including those of Peru and Chile can be connected. Hispanic Argentine American peoples including Argentina can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples, including Germany in particular and the Netherlands are significant. Northeast European governments including those of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland are also prominent. Balkan peoples including those of Romania and Greece can be connected to government. Scandinavian peoples have made contributions to government.

The government of asiatic peoples also needs to be considered. [Cambodia].

Middle eastern peoples including those of Syria have a long history. Cities such as Cairo can be connected. Levantine governments can be considered. Turkey provides important examples. Egypt provides important examples. Mesopotamian governments such as those of Iraq can be connected. Persian governments including those of Iran and Afghanistan can be connected. Arabian governments such as those of Saudi Arabia and Yemen can be considered. North African styles of government such as those in Morocco and Algeria can be considered.

South Asian govenments including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka may be useful to study. Cities such as Bombay and Delhi will also be significant.

Central Asian governments such as those of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan need to be taken into account in studies of govenment and politics.

Oriental governments including those of China with its city of Shanghai, Taiwan, Japan with its city of Tokyo, South Korea with its city of Seoul, and North Korea governments need to be taken into account. Cities such as Osaka may also be considered.

Southeast Asian government such as in Australia and cities such as Jakarta can also be examined. Peoples of Mainland Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, and Malaysia can be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including those of Indonesia and the Philippines can be considered.

African governments including those of Zambia have not yet been well considered.

Eastern African governments including those of Uganda can be connected. Northern East African peoples including Ethiopia can be considered. Interior East African peoples including Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples including Tanzania and Kenya can be considered in studies of government.

Western African peoples incuding those of Mali can be examined. Southern Coastal West African governments including those of Nigeria, Ghana , and Cote d'Ivoire can be connected. Western Coastal West African peoples including Senegal can be connected. Interior West African peoples such as those of Burkina Faso and Niger can be considered.

Southern African peoples including those of South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, and Zimbabwe can be connected.

Central African peoples including those of Congo Cameroon, and Angola can be connected.

American Indian peoples have been subjugated by western-derived governments. Guatemala Cuba can be considered. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those found in the Southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples as found in Ecuador can be considered. Amazonian peoples such as those of Brazil and Argentina can be considered. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile can be connected. Cono/Southern American Indian peoples of Argentina and Chile can be connected. North American Indians as found in the United States and Canada can be connected. Eastern North American Indians, Western North American Indians, and Northern North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Particular communities are considered below under the nations they belong to. [Calcutta]

Social structure and change will be significant. Social change is significant. Particular changes including agricultural revolution, and agrarian revolution have influenced government. The Industrial revolution including early, middle, and late or computerization stages is important. Processes of change including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Social change factors such as natural, demographic, cultural, and institutional change are significant. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial peoples have influence on government. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure will be significant.

Other Institutions

Religion

There is connection to particular traditions. Abrahamic religion has been highly significant. Christianity including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthdoxy, other Christian, and Mormon influences can be described. Islam and Judaism have been highly significant. Asiatic religion such as Indian religion with Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Persian religion witn Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and Oriental religion with Confucianism, and Taoism is also connected to government. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion was important in early history. Secularism is also connected. Religious organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization is also connected to government. Religious practice and beliefs are useful in government.

Economics

Government is closely connected to economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms. Industries with companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services, and activities of production, exchange, and consumption are also important.

Education will be useful. Schools including primary education, secondary eduction, and higher education are useful. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration will be useful. Cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be considered.

Government depends to some extent on families. particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage are all connected to government.

Culture

Government also uses behavioral culture. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, meetings, and disasters can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports are important. Occupations such as food related, building related, transportation related, communications related, industrial, and service occupations can be connected. Customs are also important. Conceptual culture is useful. Philosophy including metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and particular schools and doctrines is also significant. Applied science including measurement, engineering science, navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science will be vital in studies of government. Mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language involving linguistics, writing, and languages of the world are also useful. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothings, foodstuffs, buildings, and industrial technology is all significant.

Anthropology

Government is constructed of particular groups. The Wright brothers are minimally important. Human geography is also connected to government. This includes European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography. Asian geography incuuding Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia may be useful. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life forms, and the influence of people on the environment is also significant. Physical anthropology is also an important aid to the study of government. Human origins and racial variation are less influential than human dispersion. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and strucure, and population change is important in government. Social foundations include social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types.

Personal studies

Biography is very significant. Leading figures include:

Psychology will be a little more useful. Behavior elements, mind, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be useful. For the human body, body systems and body functions are not especially important. Adjustments to disease and the human life cycle are significant, but personal appearance is not directly important.

Science is at best indirectly important to government. Biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics may be useful.

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