Government


The study of government is termed political science. A survey of political science shows a great variety of organizational schemes and ideologies, each its own weaknesses. The organization used here is unique to this site. It is also developing and subject to modification and reorganization as more information is gathered. Government is divided into four categories. These are particular governments, government activities, structure of government, and law.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Law Government Structure Government Activities Particular governments

The study of government is termed political science. A survey of political science shows a great variety of organizational schemes and ideologies, each its own weaknesses. The organization used here is unique to this site. It is also developing and subject to modification and reorganization as more information is gathered.

Government is divided into four categories. These are particular governments, government activities, structure of government, and law.

Institutions

Law

This is divided into sections on Tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law.

Government structure

Government structure includes such subjects as political parties, judicial, legislative, and executive bodies, heads of state, and forms of government.

Government Activities

This has been, for now, divided into three general categories: administration, succession, and state relations.

Particular governments

This includes studies of various levels of government, including local, national, and international governments and governing organizations.


Science is at best indirectly important to government.Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology may be useful. Personal studies For the human body, body systems and body functions are not especially important. Adjustments to disease and the human life cycle are significant, but personal appearance is not directly important. Psychology will be a little more useful. Behavior elements, mind, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be useful. Biography is very significant. Leading figures include: Mohammed Newton Jesus Buddha Confucius Paul Ts'ai Lun Columbus Aristotle Moses Shih Huang Ti Augustus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Washington Marx Genghis Khan Adam Smith	External links Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources The Ultimate Political Science Links Page Political Science Internet Resources
Anthropology Social foundations include social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and strucure, and population change is important in government. Physical anthropology is also an important aid to the study of government. Human origins and racial variation are less influential than human dispersion. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life forms, and the influence of people on the environment is also significant. Human geography is also connected to government. This includes European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography. Asian geography inlcuding Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia may be useful. Government is constructed of particular groups. The Wright brothers are minimally important. Culture Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation, communication, tools, and other artifacts is all significant. Conceptual culture, including language involving linguistics, writing, and languages of the world, graphics, literature, and mathematics is also useful. Applied science including measurement, engineering science, navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science will be vital in studies of government. Philosophy including metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and particular schools and doctrines is also significant. Government also uses behavioral culture, including customs. Occupations such as food related, building related, transportation related, communications related, industrial, and service occupations can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, meetings, and disasters can be connected. Other Institutions Government depends to some extent on families. Mariage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are all connected to government. Education including research, teaching, and cultural institutions will be useful. Educational organization including Course material, students, faculty, and administration will be useful. schools including primary education, secondary eduction, and higher education is also useful. Economics Government is closely connected to activities of production, exchange, and consumption, industries with companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services, and economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior. Religion Religious beliefs and practice are useful in government. Religious organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization is also connected to government. There is also connection to particular traditions. Abrahamic religion has been highly significant. Christianity including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthdoxy, other Christian, and Mormon influences can be described. Islam and Judaism have been highly significant. Asiatic religion such as Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Confucianism, and Taoism is also connected to government. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion was important in early history. Secularism is also connected. Sociology Social structure and change will be significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure will be significant. Social types including hunting and gathering, horitcultural, agrarian, and industrial peoples have influence on government. Social change including factors such as natural, demographic, cultural, and institutional change is significant. Processes of change including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes including agricultural revolution, and agrarian revolution have influenced government. The Industrial revolution including early, middle, and late or computerization stages is important. Particular communities are considered below under the nations they belong to. [Calcutta] Peoples give one basis of organization of government and political studies. Governments are closely associated with but not quite identical to nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ Thailand, France, Congo, UK, Italy, South Korea, Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada] Western government is especially significant. Anglic peoples have significantly influenced its development. Anglo-american peoples including the United States, Candadian, and British Caribbean peoples have based their governments on British models, as have the Anglo-Australian peoples. Cities such as New York City and Los Angeles may also be considered. Latin peoples, including iberian peoples, have also made contributions. Mexico have made some contributions. Cities such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo are also significant. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Northeast European governments including those of Russia are also prominent. Germanic peoples, including Germany in particular, and Scandinavian and Balkan peoples have all made contributions to government. The government of asiatic peoples also needs to be considered. [ Iran,]. Middle eastern peoples have a long history. Egypt provides important examples. Turkey provides important examples. Cities such as Cairo. Mesopotamian, Levantine, Arabian, Persian, and North African styles of government can be considered, South Asian govenments including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh may be useful to study. Cities such as Bombay and Delhi will also be significant. Oriental governments. including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean governments need to be taken into account. Cities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Osaka may also be considered. Southeast Asian government such as in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam , and cities such as Jakarata can also be examined. Central Asian examples need to be taken into account in studies of govenment and politics. African governments including those of and Ethiopia have not yet been well considered. Western African peoples incuding those of Nigeria can be examined. American Indian peoples have been subjugated by western-derived governments. Mexico can be considered. South American Indians as found in Brazil can be considered. North American Indians as found in the United States can be connected. History The history of law, government activities, and particular governents is one of several important approaches to history. The origins of government in prehistory are obscure, Particular governments are barely traceable. There is some evidence of its growth in early prehistory. Information on possible origins of government in middle prehistory is indirect and scanty at best. In late prehistory, the material evidence of government is more abundant, but still fairly scanty. The growth of government is evident in antiquity. Particular government can be identified. as governments grew larger and more powerful in the 5th Millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC. Starting about the third millennium BC government can be studied in considerably more detail with the rise of bronze age civilization. Developments can also be followed in the second millennium BC, and the first millennium BC. Several forms of government developed during the classical and medieval period. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be examined. Much political vocabulary dates from early classical times and particular governments can be followed. There was development in late classical times and particular governments can be followed. In early medieval times, Charlemagne established his empire and Islamic governments flourished. Particular governments can be followed. In late medieval times, European nations developed strong kingdoms. Particular governments can be followed. There has been significant change in government during the modern period. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered. There were important developments during the 16th century, including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century. In the 17th century particular government can be followed, but particular developments are not yet summarized here. The early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be examined. Most developments of the 18th century are not yet summarized. Particular governments can be followed. I do not yet have many details for the early 18th century or for the early mid 18th century. I do not have many details for the mid 18th century. In the Late mid 18th century, I do not yet have many details. In the late 18th century, a new form of national government arose as an alternative to traditional monarchies. During the 19th century, there was repeated conflict in Europe between royal and imperial forms of government, and liberal, democratic, or revolutionary forms. Particular governments can be followed. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic wars and early South Americn independence fmovements resulted in changes of governments. In the early-mid 19th century, continued Latin American independence was als significant. In the mid 19th century, various liberalizing revolutionary movements in Europe failed. In the late-mid 19th century, slower change was proving to be more successful. In the late 19th century, conflict among the powers of Europe became a predominant theme. Particular governments can be considered. The 20th century demonstrates even more tranformations in law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments. The early 20th century saw World War I and the replacement of the last major imperial governments by modern forms, as well as the origin of communist states, and attempts at international or world government. In the early mid 20th century, strong militarized states with central control emerged, and in the mid 20th century, World war II initiated a massive process of decolonization, and substantial growth of communist states. This can be examined in the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s. In the late-mid 20th century, there was considerable political instability among newer and smaller states. This can be examined in the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s. In the late 20th century, European communism virtually collapsed, but there was a rise in islamic militancy. Particular governments can be followed. Discussion of the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s inclding 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 will also be continued. Recent and current events of the early 21st century can be discussed. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered. The early 2000s, which includes specific connection to 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 will be useful. The late 2000s can also be considered. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered. These include 2006 and its particular quarters, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th including October, November, and December. Current events of 2007 can be examined. These include those of the 1st quarter including January, February and March, the 2nd quarter which includes April, May, and June, and 3rd quarter which includes July, August, and September. Events include a British withdrawal of troops in Iraq, a change of Prime Minister in Japan, conviction of a former head of state in the Philippines, a politcal speech by the British Prime Minister, an extradition of a former head of state of Peru, and the resigination of the Prime Minister of Russia and his cabinet, and approval of a new Prime Minister. The 4th quarter can also be examined. Events of October, November, and December are also being examined. 2008 including the first quarter 2008 with events of January, February, and March, 2nd quarter 2008 including April. May, and June, and the 3rd quarter including July, August, and September can also be considered. The future including the near future, down to next month (including December 2007 and January 2008) next quarter, and next year, middle future, and far future is obscure.

Science is at best indirectly important to government.Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology may be useful.

Personal studies

For the human body, body systems and body functions are not especially important. Adjustments to disease and the human life cycle are significant, but personal appearance is not directly important. Psychology will be a little more useful. Behavior elements, mind, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be useful. Biography is very significant. Leading figures include:

External links
Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources
The Ultimate Political Science Links Page
Political Science Internet Resources

Anthropology

Social foundations include social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types. Demography including births, migration, death, population size and strucure, and population change is important in government. Physical anthropology is also an important aid to the study of government. Human origins and racial variation are less influential than human dispersion. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life forms, and the influence of people on the environment is also significant. Human geography is also connected to government. This includes European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography. Asian geography inlcuding Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia may be useful. Government is constructed of particular groups. The Wright brothers are minimally important.

Culture

Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation, communication, tools, and other artifacts is all significant. Conceptual culture, including language involving linguistics, writing, and languages of the world, graphics, literature, and mathematics is also useful. Applied science including measurement, engineering science, navigation, medical science, information and computing science, accounting, and applied social science will be vital in studies of government. Philosophy including metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, and particular schools and doctrines is also significant. Government also uses behavioral culture, including customs. Occupations such as food related, building related, transportation related, communications related, industrial, and service occupations can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, meetings, and disasters can be connected.

Other Institutions

Government depends to some extent on families. Mariage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are all connected to government.

Education including research, teaching, and cultural institutions will be useful. Educational organization including Course material, students, faculty, and administration will be useful. schools including primary education, secondary eduction, and higher education is also useful.

Economics

Government is closely connected to activities of production, exchange, and consumption, industries with companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services, and economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior.

Religion

Religious beliefs and practice are useful in government. Religious organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization is also connected to government. There is also connection to particular traditions. Abrahamic religion has been highly significant. Christianity including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthdoxy, other Christian, and Mormon influences can be described. Islam and Judaism have been highly significant. Asiatic religion such as Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Confucianism, and Taoism is also connected to government. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion was important in early history. Secularism is also connected.

Sociology

Social structure and change will be significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure will be significant. Social types including hunting and gathering, horitcultural, agrarian, and industrial peoples have influence on government. Social change including factors such as natural, demographic, cultural, and institutional change is significant. Processes of change including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes including agricultural revolution, and agrarian revolution have influenced government. The Industrial revolution including early, middle, and late or computerization stages is important.

Particular communities are considered below under the nations they belong to. [Calcutta]

Peoples give one basis of organization of government and political studies. Governments are closely associated with but not quite identical to nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ Thailand, France, Congo, UK, Italy, South Korea, Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada]

Western government is especially significant. Anglic peoples have significantly influenced its development. Anglo-american peoples including the United States, Candadian, and British Caribbean peoples have based their governments on British models, as have the Anglo-Australian peoples. Cities such as New York City and Los Angeles may also be considered. Latin peoples, including iberian peoples, have also made contributions. Mexico have made some contributions. Cities such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo are also significant. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Northeast European governments including those of Russia are also prominent. Germanic peoples, including Germany in particular, and Scandinavian and Balkan peoples have all made contributions to government.

The government of asiatic peoples also needs to be considered. [ Iran,]. Middle eastern peoples have a long history. Egypt provides important examples. Turkey provides important examples. Cities such as Cairo. Mesopotamian, Levantine, Arabian, Persian, and North African styles of government can be considered, South Asian govenments including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh may be useful to study. Cities such as Bombay and Delhi will also be significant. Oriental governments. including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean governments need to be taken into account. Cities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Osaka may also be considered. Southeast Asian government such as in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam , and cities such as Jakarata can also be examined. Central Asian examples need to be taken into account in studies of govenment and politics.

African governments including those of and Ethiopia have not yet been well considered. Western African peoples incuding those of Nigeria can be examined.

American Indian peoples have been subjugated by western-derived governments. Mexico can be considered. South American Indians as found in Brazil can be considered. North American Indians as found in the United States can be connected.

History

The history of law, government activities, and particular governents is one of several important approaches to history.

The origins of government in prehistory are obscure, Particular governments are barely traceable. There is some evidence of its growth in early prehistory. Information on possible origins of government in middle prehistory is indirect and scanty at best. In late prehistory, the material evidence of government is more abundant, but still fairly scanty.

The growth of government is evident in antiquity. Particular government can be identified. as governments grew larger and more powerful in the 5th Millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC. Starting about the third millennium BC government can be studied in considerably more detail with the rise of bronze age civilization. Developments can also be followed in the second millennium BC, and the first millennium BC.

Several forms of government developed during the classical and medieval period. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be examined. Much political vocabulary dates from early classical times and particular governments can be followed. There was development in late classical times and particular governments can be followed. In early medieval times, Charlemagne established his empire and Islamic governments flourished. Particular governments can be followed. In late medieval times, European nations developed strong kingdoms. Particular governments can be followed.

There has been significant change in government during the modern period. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered.

There were important developments during the 16th century, including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century.

In the 17th century particular government can be followed, but particular developments are not yet summarized here. The early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be examined.

Most developments of the 18th century are not yet summarized. Particular governments can be followed. I do not yet have many details for the early 18th century or for the early mid 18th century. I do not have many details for the mid 18th century. In the Late mid 18th century, I do not yet have many details. In the late 18th century, a new form of national government arose as an alternative to traditional monarchies.

During the 19th century, there was repeated conflict in Europe between royal and imperial forms of government, and liberal, democratic, or revolutionary forms. Particular governments can be followed. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic wars and early South Americn independence fmovements resulted in changes of governments. In the early-mid 19th century, continued Latin American independence was als significant. In the mid 19th century, various liberalizing revolutionary movements in Europe failed. In the late-mid 19th century, slower change was proving to be more successful. In the late 19th century, conflict among the powers of Europe became a predominant theme. Particular governments can be considered.

The 20th century demonstrates even more tranformations in law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments. The early 20th century saw World War I and the replacement of the last major imperial governments by modern forms, as well as the origin of communist states, and attempts at international or world government. In the early mid 20th century, strong militarized states with central control emerged, and in the mid 20th century, World war II initiated a massive process of decolonization, and substantial growth of communist states. This can be examined in the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s.

In the late-mid 20th century, there was considerable political instability among newer and smaller states. This can be examined in the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s.

In the late 20th century, European communism virtually collapsed, but there was a rise in islamic militancy. Particular governments can be followed. Discussion of the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s inclding 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 will also be continued.

Recent and current events of the early 21st century can be discussed. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered. The early 2000s, which includes specific connection to 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 will be useful.

The late 2000s can also be considered. Law, government structure, government activity, and particular governments can be considered.

These include 2006 and its particular quarters, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th including October, November, and December.

Current events of 2007 can be examined. These include those of the 1st quarter including January, February and March, the 2nd quarter which includes April, May, and June, and 3rd quarter which includes July, August, and September. Events include a British withdrawal of troops in Iraq, a change of Prime Minister in Japan, conviction of a former head of state in the Philippines, a politcal speech by the British Prime Minister, an extradition of a former head of state of Peru, and the resigination of the Prime Minister of Russia and his cabinet, and approval of a new Prime Minister. The 4th quarter can also be examined. Events of October, November, and December are also being examined.

2008 including the first quarter 2008 with events of January, February, and March, 2nd quarter 2008 including April. May, and June, and the 3rd quarter including July, August, and September can also be considered.

The future including the near future, down to next month (including December 2007 and January 2008) next quarter, and next year, middle future, and far future is obscure.

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