Law


This includes four major sections: Tribal law and custom, Asian law, Western Law, and International law	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Government Tribal Law Asiatic Law Western Law International Law

This includes four major sections: Tribal law and custom, Asian law, Western Law, and International law

International law

This includes custom and traditional law.

Western law

This includes modern systems of Roman law, canon law, English law, Napoleonic law, and Russian law.

Asiatic law

This includes Ancient Eastern law, Jewish law, Islamic law, Indian legal tradition, and Oriental law.

Tribal law

This includes custom and traditional law.


History Some events from the history of law are included here. Prehistory Prehistory is mostly inaccessible. Pliocene prehistory, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene prehistory can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BP, late 8th millennium BP, early 7th millennium BP, late 7th millennium BP, early 6th millennium BP, and late 6th millennium BP can be considered.
Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BBC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, or late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. c. 1400 - 1200 BC. Moses credited as Israelite lawgiver. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, and the 5th century bc can be connected. Classical and medieval During early classical times Roman law began to develop, alghouth I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor. In late classical times, it continued to develop. although I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE. c 300 CE. Constantine adopts Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moves capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divides the Empire into Eastern and Western. In early medieval times, it was modified in Europe. Islamic law came into existence. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, 7th century, 18th century, 9th century, or 10th century. c 610-630 CE Mohammed preaches in Arabia, founding Islam, and begins spreading his faith by military conquest. 634 - 644 CE Umar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire. c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as "Holy Roman Emperor" In late medieval times, English Common law began to develop, and Islamic law also. I do not yet have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century. 1066 CE William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England. 1469 - 1504 CE Isabella I of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon and helps unite the two kingdoms to form Spain, complete the reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule, and order the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and sponsors the voyages of Columbus. Modern history I have little specific information for the 16th century, including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, or late 16th century. For the 17th century I do not yet have specific details for the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. For the 18th century, I do not yet have details of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, or late 18th century. For the 19th century I lack details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. 1519 - 1523.Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire of Mexico. c. 1528 - 1541 Pizarro leads Spanish conquest and colonization of the Inca empire (South America) 1524 da Gama makes a third voyage to India in order to expand the Portuguese trading presence there. c 1600-1700 CE English begin colonization of North America. 1789 CE. French Revolution. 1787 - 1798 US Constitutional convention and presidency of Washington. The constitution forbids the federal government from establishing a state church or prohibiting free exercise of religion. 1701-1721. Peter the Great proclaims himself as tsar of Russia and pursues a modernization and expansion program intended to make Russia a major European and Asian power. 1789 CE. French Revolution. 1799-1815. Napoleon attempts to conquer Europe and is defeated. c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations. c. 1861-1865 American Civil War (War between the States). c. 1867 Marx publishes "Das Kapital" c. 1880 CE Africa is partitioned among European colonial powers. The chief developments of 20th century law seem to be that it has become increasingly complicated. Details of the early 20th century incuding the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. 1917 CE. Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Russian monarchy, takes control of the Russian Empire, renaming it the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and adapts Marxism to be the state-approved ideology. c. 1928 Stalin orders massive forced transformation of Russian society. 1932 Roosevelt is elected as US President and begins establishment of numerous welfare and relief programs to combat the depression. 1949 Mao defeats Nationalist forces and becomes dictator of the Peoples Republic of China as a Communist state allied with the USSR. c. 1960s. Independence granted to numerous African nations. The late 20th century can be connected. The early 1980s and late 1980s can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be considered. Details of early 21st century law including the early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 3003, 2004, and 2005 can be considered. Late 2000s down to 2006 can be considered. 2007 including the first quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September and 4th quarter down to October, November, and December are lacking. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September, and fourth quarter down to October and November can possibly be investigated. 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including October 2010 and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure. Sociology Examples of law from peoples of the world, communities, and various aspects of social structure and change can be examined. Peoples of the world Many examples are connected to particular national governments including those of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. The law and legal traditions are taken primarily from Western civilization such as the Brazil. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States can be considered. Law and legal traditions can be examined using Asiatic peoples including Indonesia. South Asian peoples including those of India illustrate some aspects of law, Oriental peoples such as those of China do also. African peoples, and American Indian examples as found in nations such as the United States and Brazil. Communities Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes and movements including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies can be connected. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and demographic structure can be connected. Other Institutions Religion Particular traditions can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism has had an important influence on law, as have asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religions among their respective peoples. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured religion can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected. Other Government Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activities including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected. Economics Economic systems including economic system beahvior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communication, tranportation, social and medical services, construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected. Education including research, teaching, and cultural institutions can be connected. Schools including higher education, sedondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may have in influence on law. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, peforming arts, sports and games, occupations, and events, will be significant. Conceptual culture including language, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphics, and philosophy can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South american geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of people on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biography can be connected. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems might be connected. Applications of science will be developed as the site expands. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology seem to have little direct influence.

History

Some events from the history of law are included here.

Prehistory is mostly inaccessible. Pliocene prehistory, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene prehistory can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BP, late 8th millennium BP, early 7th millennium BP, late 7th millennium BP, early 6th millennium BP, and late 6th millennium BP can be considered.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BBC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, or late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected.

c. 1400 - 1200 BC. Moses credited as Israelite lawgiver.

The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, and the 5th century bc can be connected.

Classical and medieval

During early classical times Roman law began to develop, alghouth I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC.

c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor.

In late classical times, it continued to develop. although I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE.

c 300 CE. Constantine adopts Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moves capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divides the Empire into Eastern and Western.

In early medieval times, it was modified in Europe. Islamic law came into existence. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, 7th century, 18th century, 9th century, or 10th century.

c 610-630 CE Mohammed preaches in Arabia, founding Islam, and begins spreading his faith by military conquest.
634 - 644 CE Umar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire.
c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as "Holy Roman Emperor"

In late medieval times, English Common law began to develop, and Islamic law also. I do not yet have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century.

1066 CE William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England.
1469 - 1504 CE Isabella I of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon and helps unite the two kingdoms to form Spain, complete the reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule, and order the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and sponsors the voyages of Columbus.

Modern history

I have little specific information for the 16th century, including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, or late 16th century. For the 17th century I do not yet have specific details for the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. For the 18th century, I do not yet have details of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, or late 18th century.

For the 19th century I lack details of the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century.

1519 - 1523.Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire of Mexico.
c. 1528 - 1541 Pizarro leads Spanish conquest and colonization of the Inca empire (South America)
1524 da Gama makes a third voyage to India in order to expand the Portuguese trading presence there.
c 1600-1700 CE English begin colonization of North America.
1789 CE. French Revolution.
1787 - 1798 US Constitutional convention and presidency of Washington. The constitution forbids the federal government from establishing a state church or prohibiting free exercise of religion.
1701-1721. Peter the Great proclaims himself as tsar of Russia and pursues a modernization and expansion program intended to make Russia a major European and Asian power.
1789 CE. French Revolution.
1799-1815. Napoleon attempts to conquer Europe and is defeated.
c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations.
c. 1861-1865 American Civil War (War between the States).
c. 1867 Marx publishes "Das Kapital"
c. 1880 CE Africa is partitioned among European colonial powers.

The chief developments of 20th century law seem to be that it has become increasingly complicated. Details of the early 20th century incuding the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected.

1917 CE. Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Russian monarchy, takes control of the Russian Empire, renaming it the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and adapts Marxism to be the state-approved ideology.
c. 1928 Stalin orders massive forced transformation of Russian society.
1932 Roosevelt is elected as US President and begins establishment of numerous welfare and relief programs to combat the depression.
1949 Mao defeats Nationalist forces and becomes dictator of the Peoples Republic of China as a Communist state allied with the USSR.
c. 1960s. Independence granted to numerous African nations.

The late 20th century can be connected. The early 1980s and late 1980s can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be considered.

Details of early 21st century law including the early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 3003, 2004, and 2005 can be considered.

Late 2000s down to 2006 can be considered. 2007 including the first quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September and 4th quarter down to October, November, and December are lacking. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter with July, August, and September, and fourth quarter down to October and November can possibly be investigated. 2009 can be connected.

2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including October 2010 and November 2010 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure.

Sociology

Examples of law from peoples of the world, communities, and various aspects of social structure and change can be examined.

Peoples of the world

Many examples are connected to particular national governments including those of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. The law and legal traditions are taken primarily from Western civilization such as the Brazil. Anglic peoples such as those of the United States can be considered. Law and legal traditions can be examined using Asiatic peoples including Indonesia. South Asian peoples including those of India illustrate some aspects of law, Oriental peoples such as those of China do also. African peoples, and American Indian examples as found in nations such as the United States and Brazil.

Communities

Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be connected.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes and movements including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected.

Social types including hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies can be connected. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected.

Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and demographic structure can be connected.

Other Institutions

Religion

Particular traditions can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism has had an important influence on law, as have asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religions among their respective peoples. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured religion can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected.

Other Government

Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activities including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system beahvior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communication, tranportation, social and medical services, construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected.

Education including research, teaching, and cultural institutions can be connected. Schools including higher education, sedondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected.

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may have in influence on law.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, peforming arts, sports and games, occupations, and events, will be significant. Conceptual culture including language, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphics, and philosophy can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South american geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of people on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography can be connected. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems might be connected.

Applications of science will be developed as the site expands. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology seem to have little direct influence.