Government Structure


Government structure refers to the organization of government activities, and the bodies that compose a government's structure. These include political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of states, and government forms.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Government Government Form Heads of State Executive systems Legislative systems Judicial systems Political parties

Government structure refers to the organization of government activities, and the bodies that compose a government's structure. These include political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of states, and government forms.

Government forms

Governments are classified approximately according to their principal component bodies, the sources of political power, and so forth.

Heads of state

No summary is yet provided here.

Executive systems

These include finances, militaries, State and foreign relations, and various others.

Legislative systems

Judicial systems

Political parties and interests

2001 In British Elections, the Labour party is again victorious and Blair continues as Prime Minister.


History Prehistory The prehistory of government structure is largely inaccessible. Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene might be considered. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, 2nd decamillennium BP, and early 1st decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC might be connected.
Antiquity Details of the 5th millennium BC including the early 5ht millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC are difficult to find. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. In the 3rd millennium BC, the existence of written records is helpful, but I do not yet have details for the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC. In the 2nd millennium BC, more information is available, although I do not yet have details for the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, or late 2nd millennium BC. In the early first millennium BC, there were yet more developments. I do not yet have many details of the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, or the 6th century BC. c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire. Classical and medieval history Government structure contiued to evolve. In early classical times, the Greeks and Romans were important influences, although the Chinese also a highly strucctured government. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC. c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor. In late classical times, the Roman empire was predominant, but I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE. c 313-330 CE. Rule of Constantine In early medieval times, the Roman governmental structure in Europe broke down, but Byzantine, Islamic, and other governments had well-structured governments. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, or 10th century. c 610-630 CE Mohammed preaches in Arabia, founding Islam, and begins spreading his faith by military conquest. 634 - 644 CE Umar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire. c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. In late medieval times, Europeans began to develop their governmental structures. I do not yet have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century. 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England. 1469 - 1504 CEIsabella I of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon and helps unite the two kingdoms to form Spain, complete the reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule, and order the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and sponsors the voyages of Columbus. Modern history The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. 1519 - 1523.Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire of Mexico. 1524 da Gama makes a third voyage to India in order to expand the Portuguese trading presence there. c. 1528 - 1541 Pizarro leads Spanish conquest and colonization of the Inca empire (South America) In the 17th century, events of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. c 1600-1700 CE English begin colonization of North America. c. 1682 - 1696 Peter the Great rises to power in Russia and becomes sole ruler. 1689 Locke publishes work that is an important influence on later political thought In the 18th century, events of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. A few events from the 18th century include: 1789 CE. French Revolution. 1787 - 1798 US Constitutional convention and presidency of Washington A few events from the 19th century which includes the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 19th century include: c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations. c. 1867 Marx publishes "Das Kapital" c. 1880 Africa is partitioned among European colonial powers. In the 20th century, government structure continued to evolve. In the early 20th century, changes in technology began to have an influence. c. 1911/12 The Manchu or Ch'ing dynasty of China ends. China is partly governed by an initially Republican but increasingly dictatorial Nationalist party. c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world. 1917 CE. Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Russian monarchy, takes control of the Russian Empire, renaming it the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and adapts Marxism to be the state-approved ideology. In the early-mid 20th century, there were more developments. c. 1928 Stalin orders massive forced transformation of Russian society. 1932 Roosevelt is elected as US President and begins establishment of numerous welfare and relief programs to combat the depression. c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan. c. 1938 - c. 1945 Physicists including Einstein warn the United States government of the possibility that Germany could develop nuclear weaponry. Fermi heads the Manhattan project which demonstrates controlled nuclear fission and develops an atomic bomb. In the mid 20th century, World War II and the cold war influenced government structure. c. 1945 - 1953 Stalin establishes USSR as a major world power, acquires nuclear weapons technology, and begins a largely ideological struggle with the United States and allies known as the "Cold War." 1949 Mao defeats Nationalist forces and becomes dictator of the Peoples Republic of China as a Communist state allied with the USSR. In the late-mid 20th century, Cold war developments come to mind. c. 1960s. Independence granted to numerous African nations. At present I lack many details for the late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s. 1991 Breakup of USSR. . In the early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s and in the specific year 2006 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter I also lack details. In 2007, I have begun closer examination, but the first quarter and second quarter also lack details. In the third quarter including July, August, and September more details can be examined, and the fourth quarter including October, November, and December also remains to be examined. In 2008, there are connections to the first, quarter, second quarter including April, May, and June, third quarter including July, August, and September, and fourth quarter including October, November, and December. Events of 2009 can be considered. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and the third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including October 2010 and November 2010 can be considered. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be considered. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 can be connected. 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The future has not yet been carefully examined. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Examples will be taken from peoples of the world. Examples will be taken from particular nations also, beginning with Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Brazil provides examples of government form and structure. Anglic peoples including the United States also suggest some, then latin and germanic, then northeast European, Balkan, and scandinavian peoples. Examples are taken from Asiatic peoples such as those of Pakistan. South Asian peoples such as those of India can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia can be connected. African and American Indian peoples including those found in the United States and Brazil demonstrate it to a considerably lesser extent. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will provide examples. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes including the agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be identified. The Industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies can be connected. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and demographic structure can be connected. Other Institutions Religion Particular traditions including Asiatic, pagan, and secularism can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism can be connected. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected. Other Government Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activities including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communication, transportation, social and medical services, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected. Education including research can be connected. Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Connections to families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be made. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, performing arts, and cultural events will also be useful. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and lanuage can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of people on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, deaths, migration, and births can be connected. social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation will be significant. Personal studies Biography of individuals will be critical. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected. Science is at best indirectly connected to government structure. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science and biology can be connected.

History

Prehistory

The prehistory of government structure is largely inaccessible. Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene might be considered. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, 2nd decamillennium BP, and early 1st decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC might be connected.

Antiquity

Details of the 5th millennium BC including the early 5ht millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC are difficult to find. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. In the 3rd millennium BC, the existence of written records is helpful, but I do not yet have details for the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC. In the 2nd millennium BC, more information is available, although I do not yet have details for the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, or late 2nd millennium BC. In the early first millennium BC, there were yet more developments. I do not yet have many details of the 10th century BC, the 9th century BC, the 8th century BC, the 7th century BC, or the 6th century BC.

c. 550 - 539 BC Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire.

Classical and medieval history

Government structure contiued to evolve. In early classical times, the Greeks and Romans were important influences, although the Chinese also a highly strucctured government. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, or the 1st century BC.

c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor.

In late classical times, the Roman empire was predominant, but I do not yet have details of the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, or 5th century CE.

c 313-330 CE. Rule of Constantine

In early medieval times, the Roman governmental structure in Europe broke down, but Byzantine, Islamic, and other governments had well-structured governments. I do not yet have details of the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, or 10th century.

c 610-630 CE Mohammed preaches in Arabia, founding Islam, and begins spreading his faith by military conquest.
634 - 644 CE Umar I, second caliph, leads Muslims to conquer Syria and Mesopotamia and begins conquest of Egypt and Syria. His rules for administration of conquered territories serve as the basis for administrative and legal structure of the Islamic empire.
c. 800 CE Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.

In late medieval times, Europeans began to develop their governmental structures. I do not yet have details of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, or 15th century.

1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England.
1469 - 1504 CEIsabella I of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon and helps unite the two kingdoms to form Spain, complete the reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule, and order the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and sponsors the voyages of Columbus.

Modern history

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected.

1519 - 1523.Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire of Mexico.
1524 da Gama makes a third voyage to India in order to expand the Portuguese trading presence there.
c. 1528 - 1541 Pizarro leads Spanish conquest and colonization of the Inca empire (South America)

In the 17th century, events of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected.

c 1600-1700 CE English begin colonization of North America.
c. 1682 - 1696 Peter the Great rises to power in Russia and becomes sole ruler.
1689 Locke publishes work that is an important influence on later political thought

In the 18th century, events of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. A few events from the 18th century include:

1789 CE. French Revolution.
1787 - 1798 US Constitutional convention and presidency of Washington

A few events from the 19th century which includes the early 19th century, early-mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 19th century include:

c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations.
c. 1867 Marx publishes "Das Kapital"
c. 1880 Africa is partitioned among European colonial powers.

In the 20th century, government structure continued to evolve. In the early 20th century, changes in technology began to have an influence.

c. 1911/12 The Manchu or Ch'ing dynasty of China ends. China is partly governed by an initially Republican but increasingly dictatorial Nationalist party.
c. 1915-1918 CE. World War I, the "Great War" changes the modern world.
1917 CE. Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Russian monarchy, takes control of the Russian Empire, renaming it the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and adapts Marxism to be the state-approved ideology.

In the early-mid 20th century, there were more developments.

c. 1928 Stalin orders massive forced transformation of Russian society.
1932 Roosevelt is elected as US President and begins establishment of numerous welfare and relief programs to combat the depression.
c. 1938 - 1945. World War II. Germany under the rule of Hitler and Japan attempt military conquest of Europe and Asia. England, the United States led by Roosevelt, and Russia (the USSR) under Stalin are the chief opponents and combine to defeat Germany and Japan.
c. 1938 - c. 1945 Physicists including Einstein warn the United States government of the possibility that Germany could develop nuclear weaponry. Fermi heads the Manhattan project which demonstrates controlled nuclear fission and develops an atomic bomb.

In the mid 20th century, World War II and the cold war influenced government structure.

c. 1945 - 1953 Stalin establishes USSR as a major world power, acquires nuclear weapons technology, and begins a largely ideological struggle with the United States and allies known as the "Cold War."
1949 Mao defeats Nationalist forces and becomes dictator of the Peoples Republic of China as a Communist state allied with the USSR.

In the late-mid 20th century, Cold war developments come to mind.

c. 1960s. Independence granted to numerous African nations.

At present I lack many details for the late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s.

1991 Breakup of USSR. .

In the early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s and in the specific year 2006 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter I also lack details. In 2007, I have begun closer examination, but the first quarter and second quarter also lack details. In the third quarter including July, August, and September more details can be examined, and the fourth quarter including October, November, and December also remains to be examined. In 2008, there are connections to the first, quarter, second quarter including April, May, and June, third quarter including July, August, and September, and fourth quarter including October, November, and December. Events of 2009 can be considered.

2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and the third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 including October 2010 and November 2010 can be considered. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be considered.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 can be connected. 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected.

The future has not yet been carefully examined. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Examples will be taken from peoples of the world. Examples will be taken from particular nations also, beginning with Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines. Western civilization including Brazil provides examples of government form and structure. Anglic peoples including the United States also suggest some, then latin and germanic, then northeast European, Balkan, and scandinavian peoples. Examples are taken from Asiatic peoples such as those of Pakistan. South Asian peoples such as those of India can be considered. Oriental peoples including those of China can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia can be connected. African and American Indian peoples including those found in the United States and Brazil demonstrate it to a considerably lesser extent.

Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will provide examples.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes including the agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be identified. The Industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected.

Social types including hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies can be connected. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected.

Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and demographic structure can be connected.

Other Institutions

Religion

Particular traditions including Asiatic, pagan, and secularism can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism can be connected. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected.

Other Government

Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activities including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communication, transportation, social and medical services, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected.

Education including research can be connected. Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected.

Connections to families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be made.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, performing arts, and cultural events will also be useful. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and lanuage can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of people on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, deaths, migration, and births can be connected. social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation will be significant.

Personal studies

Biography of individuals will be critical. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected.

Science is at best indirectly connected to government structure. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science and biology can be connected.