Particular governments


Particular governments are somewhat difficult to identify clearly. The subject includes Imperial and international governments, national governments, and local governments. These are not always clearly distinguishable.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Government International Government National Government Local Government
At present the material is chiefly historical and limited to founding or other principal events of particular national governments.

Particular governments are somewhat difficult to identify clearly. The subject includes Imperial and international governments, national governments, and local governments. These are not always clearly distinguishable.

At present the material is chiefly historical and limited to founding or other principal events of particular national governments.

International Governments

These are governments which include multiple peoples and nationalities. Not only strong empires, but weak associations and organizations composed of representatives selected by governments will be included in this category. These can be categorized as traditional empires and modern compacts.

National Governments

These are categorized largely by region, as Western, Islamic, Asiatic, and Other governments.

Local Governments

These will probably be categorized in much the same way as national governments: Primarily by region or nation, and secondly by form.


History Traditionally, the history of particular governments is such a large part of history in general that these are often confused. Events of note include the formation, breakup (including conquest), and major changes in the extent of government.
Prehistory Early prehistory including Pliocene times, Early Pleistocene times, early mid Pleistocene times, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene times can be connnected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC is obscure. Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC is significant. The early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history Early classical governments, as the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman empires can be connected. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, or early 1st century BC. Late classical governments such as the Roman empire can be considered in the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE. Early medieval governments such as the Byzantine empire can be identified in the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century. Late medieval governments such as the European states developed in the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century. Modern history International government, national government, and local government can be examined. Strong nation-states became dominant in this period. For the 16th century, I do not yet have details of the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, or late mid 16th century. For the17th century, I do not yet have details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. In the 18th century, strong or absolute monarchies were the rule, at least in Europe, but the United States set new precedents. The early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century was known for the dominance of the British Empire. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century are important. In the late 19th century, local and national governments were important. International consisted mostly of the large colonial empires. In the 20th century there were significant changes. In the early 20th century, WWI influenced the formation of the League of Nations. In the early-mid 20th, this failed to prevent WW II, and in the mid 20th, the UN, successor to the League of Nations again proved ineffective in the face of the Cold War. In the late-mid 20th, International government was still less than effective. I do not yet have details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, or late 1970s. I am examining their influence in the late 20th century as well. This includes events of the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s. Early 21st century The early 2000s in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s can be connected to international government including modern compats and world government and national government. 2006 in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November, and December can be connected. 2007 including the 1st quarter involving January, February, and March, 2nd quarter including April, May, and June, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November, and December are being studied. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter with April, May and June and third quarter including July, August, and September can be considered. The fourth quarter including October and November can be considered. 2009 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter can be considered. 2010 has connections to international government including modern compacts and world government and national government. The first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 with international governments including modern compacts and world government and national government including events of October 2010 and November 2010 can be considered. December 2010 has connections to international government including modern compacts, world government, and national government. Events of 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, and 2010 week 52 can be connected. 2010 week 53 has connections to international government including modern compacts and world government and national government. The early 2010s can be connected to international government. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. Their future including the near future down to next month, next quarter, next year, and the middle future and far future has not yet been well examined. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are useful in the examination of international governments, national governments, and local governments. Particular peoples are useful in organizing these studies. Nations are more than governments. They include other parts of society and a nation may have had more than one government at different times. Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal provide more examples. Many governments are associated with Western civilization including Ukraine. Many governments are based on Anglic models. United Kingdom has been significant. Among the Anglo-american peoples, the United States has been most influential, followed by Canada and the British Caribbean. The British have also been important, the Anglo-Australians less so. Latin governments including those of Italy have been less influential. French peoples including those of France have been significant. Hispanic government including goverments of Mexico can be considered. Lusitanic government such as those of Brazil have had some influence. Germanic models of government including those of Germany have been somewhat influential, but Northeast Europeans including those of Russia have also been significant. Particular governments of Asiatic peoples [such as those of Burma] provide examples. Middle Eastern peoples including Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian peoples including some of those now in China, Oriental peoples including those of South Korea can be connected. China can be connected. Japan can be connected. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Thailand will also be significant. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples including those of Vietnam can be connected. Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including peoples of Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected. African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) have also been useful. Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be considered. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected. American Indian peoples such as are found in Mexico are also useful. Middle American governments found in the southwest United States can be connected. Governments of South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. Governments of North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States are significant. Particular communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City may provide examples. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes including the agricultural revolution can be considered. The agrarian revolution including bronze age developments, early iron age developments, late iron age developments, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies will be important. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful in the analysis of government. Other Institutions Religion The religious basis of particular governments can also be discussed. Particular traditions are also influential. Abrahamic religion has been highly important. Christianity including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Other Christianity, and Mormonism has been significant. Islam and Judaism are useful. Asiatic religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, is also important. Secular and pagan traditions are also significant. Religous organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly organized religion is also important. Religious practice and belief have had various influences. Other Governmennt Government activities including administration, succession, and state relations are essential in describing particular governments. Structure including political parties and interests, Judicial systems, legislative bodies, executive departments and ministries, heads of state and government, and government forms are essential in describing particular governments. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building, manufacturing and construction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be connected. Education Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performanve venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families including marriage and parenting will be considered. Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture including cultural events, performing arts, sports and games, occupations, and customs is highly significant. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters are closely connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication techology, transportation technology, clothings, foodstuffs, bulding technology, and industrial technology is also significant. Anthropology Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North american geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influnce on peoples, other life forms, and human inflence on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, births, migration, and deaths can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biography is especially applicable. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected. Science including physics and chemistry is only indirectly important. Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected.

History

Traditionally, the history of particular governments is such a large part of history in general that these are often confused. Events of note include the formation, breakup (including conquest), and major changes in the extent of government.

Prehistory

Early prehistory including Pliocene times, Early Pleistocene times, early mid Pleistocene times, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene times can be connnected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC is obscure.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC is significant. The early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected.

Classical and medieval history

Early classical governments, as the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman empires can be connected. I do not yet have details of the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, or early 1st century BC. Late classical governments such as the Roman empire can be considered in the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE. Early medieval governments such as the Byzantine empire can be identified in the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century. Late medieval governments such as the European states developed in the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century.

Modern history

International government, national government, and local government can be examined. Strong nation-states became dominant in this period.

For the 16th century, I do not yet have details of the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, or late mid 16th century. For the17th century, I do not yet have details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century.

In the 18th century, strong or absolute monarchies were the rule, at least in Europe, but the United States set new precedents. The early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected.

The 19th century was known for the dominance of the British Empire. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century are important. In the late 19th century, local and national governments were important. International consisted mostly of the large colonial empires.

In the 20th century there were significant changes. In the early 20th century, WWI influenced the formation of the League of Nations. In the early-mid 20th, this failed to prevent WW II, and in the mid 20th, the UN, successor to the League of Nations again proved ineffective in the face of the Cold War. In the late-mid 20th, International government was still less than effective. I do not yet have details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, or late 1970s. I am examining their influence in the late 20th century as well. This includes events of the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s can be connected to international government including modern compats and world government and national government.

2006 in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November, and December can be connected.

2007 including the 1st quarter involving January, February, and March, 2nd quarter including April, May, and June, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November, and December are being studied.

2008 including the first quarter, second quarter with April, May and June and third quarter including July, August, and September can be considered. The fourth quarter including October and November can be considered.

2009 including the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter can be considered.

2010 has connections to international government including modern compacts and world government and national government. The first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 with international governments including modern compacts and world government and national government including events of October 2010 and November 2010 can be considered. December 2010 has connections to international government including modern compacts, world government, and national government. Events of 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, and 2010 week 52 can be connected. 2010 week 53 has connections to international government including modern compacts and world government and national government.

The early 2010s can be connected to international government. 2011 can be connected.

The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, and 2011 week 8 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected.

Their future including the near future down to next month, next quarter, next year, and the middle future and far future has not yet been well examined.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are useful in the examination of international governments, national governments, and local governments.

Particular peoples are useful in organizing these studies. Nations are more than governments. They include other parts of society and a nation may have had more than one government at different times. Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal provide more examples.

Many governments are associated with Western civilization including Ukraine. Many governments are based on Anglic models. United Kingdom has been significant. Among the Anglo-american peoples, the United States has been most influential, followed by Canada and the British Caribbean. The British have also been important, the Anglo-Australians less so. Latin governments including those of Italy have been less influential. French peoples including those of France have been significant. Hispanic government including goverments of Mexico can be considered. Lusitanic government such as those of Brazil have had some influence. Germanic models of government including those of Germany have been somewhat influential, but Northeast Europeans including those of Russia have also been significant.

Particular governments of Asiatic peoples [such as those of Burma] provide examples. Middle Eastern peoples including Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian peoples including some of those now in China, Oriental peoples including those of South Korea can be connected. China can be connected. Japan can be connected. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Thailand will also be significant. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples including those of Vietnam can be connected. Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including peoples of Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected.

African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) have also been useful. Eastern African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be considered. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected.

American Indian peoples such as are found in Mexico are also useful. Middle American governments found in the southwest United States can be connected. Governments of South American Indian peoples such as those of Brazil can be connected. Governments of North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States are significant.

Particular communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City may provide examples.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes including the agricultural revolution can be considered. The agrarian revolution including bronze age developments, early iron age developments, late iron age developments, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected.

Social types including hunting and gathering societies will be important. Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected.

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful in the analysis of government.

Other Institutions

Religion

The religious basis of particular governments can also be discussed. Particular traditions are also influential. Abrahamic religion has been highly important. Christianity including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Other Christianity, and Mormonism has been significant. Islam and Judaism are useful. Asiatic religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, is also important. Secular and pagan traditions are also significant. Religous organization, including unstructured, fragmented, and highly organized religion is also important. Religious practice and belief have had various influences.

Other Governmennt

Government activities including administration, succession, and state relations are essential in describing particular governments. Structure including political parties and interests, Judicial systems, legislative bodies, executive departments and ministries, heads of state and government, and government forms are essential in describing particular governments. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building, manufacturing and construction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be connected.

Education

Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performanve venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families including marriage and parenting will be considered. Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture including cultural events, performing arts, sports and games, occupations, and customs is highly significant. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters are closely connected. Conceptual culture including philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication techology, transportation technology, clothings, foodstuffs, bulding technology, and industrial technology is also significant.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North american geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influnce on peoples, other life forms, and human inflence on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, births, migration, and deaths can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography is especially applicable. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected.

Science including physics and chemistry is only indirectly important. Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected.