Economics


Economics includes studies of , economic activities, companies and industries and economic systems.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Institutions Activity Industries Systems

Economics includes studies of , economic activities, companies and industries and economic systems.

Institutions

Activity

Economic activity includes production, distribution or trade and exchange, and consumption from both practical and theoretical perspectives.

Industries

Industries are groups of organizations, classified by the type of goods or services they provide. This includes Companies, Agriculture, Extraction and manufacture, Building construction, Social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services.

Systems

Studies of economic systems include such matters as firms, economic networks, types of economic systems, and economic system behavior.


Science is for the most part indirectly useful. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth science may be useful. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory may be useful.
Personal studies The human body including body systems, body functions, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance may be useful. Psychology including behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology is important. Biography is significant. Major figures in economics include: Mohammed Newton T'sai Lun Gutenberg Columbus Pasteur Galileo Moses Augustus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Anthropology Social foundations such as social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and social group types are important in economics. Demography including birth, migration, and death, population size and structure, and population change is also significant in economics. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and dispersion is less directly significant. Human ecology including the influence of the anvironment on people and the influence of people on the world is important. Human geography including European geography, Asian Geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic giography is important to economics. Particular groups are also important to economics. Culture Material culture such as foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation and communication devices, tools, and other artifiacts is vital to economics. It also depends on conceptual culture such as language, graphics, literature, mathematics, and applied science. Philosophy, including metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and philosophical schools and doctrines, is also useful. Behavioral culture such as customs and occupations is important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports have become important. Cultural events such as meeting, holidays, miscellaneous events, and disasters is also useful. Other Institutions There are also connections with families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families. There are also connections with education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools. Government Law including tribal law, asiatic law, Western law, and International law is connected to economics. government structure such as political parties, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, government heads, and government forms have a great deal to do with economics. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local governments, national governments such as Monarchies, dictatorships, and democratic governments, and international governments including imperial, colonial, and modern compacts are closely connected to economics. Religion Religious beliefs, practices, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and unified religions seems to be somwhat weakly connected to economics. Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion has not been carefully examined, but Christianity including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Other Christianity, and Mormonism all have economic influences, as do Islam and Judaism. Asiatic religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism also has an influence on economics. Secularist, and pagan traditions do also. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure includes considerations of economics. Economics is connected to various social types. It is small scale and informal in hunting and gathering peoples. It is hardly more evident in horticultural societies, but is a significant part of agrarian societies and vital in industrial societies. Social change is also valuable. Social change factors including natural change, demographic change, cultural change, and institutional change can be considered. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction is also important. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution are significant including its early, middle, and late stages can be considered. Economics of particular communities [such as Los Angeles] is discussed under the particular nations and peoples they belong to. Studies of economics and economic systems in various peoples of the world will also be significant. The economics of particular nations are included under the peoples they belong to. [ Iran, Thailand, France, Congo, United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea] Western civilization is probably the most influential. Particular nations include Germany. Cities including Sao Paulo can also be connected. Anglic peoples including the United States are chief among peoples of Western civilization. Cities such as New York City can be connected. Anglo-American peoples including Canadian, and British Caribbean, British, and Anglo-Australian peoples are also significant. Latin peoples including those of Mexico and cities such as Mexico City can be considered. Lusitanic peoples including Brazil can be considered. Northeast European peoples including those of Russia can be connected. Other economically important peoples include Germanic peoples, Scandinavian peoples, and Balkan peoples. Asiatic peoples were once significant, declined under Western influence, but are again becoming important. Nations including Turkey can be examined. Cities including Tokyo, Seoul, Bombay, Delhi, and Shanghai can also be examined. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian peoples including some of those found in China Oriental peoples including those of China and Japan, and Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam can be considered. African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be considered. Western African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered. American Indian peoples as discussed in histories of Mexico, can also be considered. South American peoples including those of Brazil can be examined. North American peoples such as those found in the United States can be connected. History There are traces of information available on the existence of trade from prehistory, not so much from early prehistory, but by middle prehistory and certainly late prehistory. Information from antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millenium BC, and the early first millennium BC can be reconstructed in part. It may be possible to extend this back into classical and medieval history, including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times. Modern history In the 16th century, the beginnings of worldwide trade was established. This includes the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century. In the 17th century, worldwide trade continued to develop during the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century. In the 18th century, great trading networks developed among the European powers. Details of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be considered. In the 19th century, the idea of free market economics was explored, and corporations began to increase in size and strength. Details of the early 19th, early-mid 19th, mid 19th, late-mid 19th, and late 19th century are not yet available. In the 20th century. Details of the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, and mid 20th century can be considered. Events of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late-mid 20th century will be useful. The early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s lack detail at present. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s will be useful. The early 21st century can be connected. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be considered. The late 2000s, specifically 2006 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November and December will be useful. Also of some interest are 2007 down to the 1st quarter including January, February, and March, 2nd quarter including April, May, and June, and 3rd quarter including July, August, and September. The 4th quarter including October, November, and December will be useful. In 2008, the first quarter 2008 including January, February, and March can be connected. The second quarter including April, May, and June can be connected. The third quarter including July, August, and September can also be connected. The future including the near future including next month, down to Sept and Oct 2008 Next quarter, and next year can be examined. The middle future and far future are more obscure.

Science is for the most part indirectly useful. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth science may be useful. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory may be useful.

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body functions, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance may be useful. Psychology including behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology is important. Biography is significant. Major figures in economics include:

Anthropology

Social foundations such as social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and social group types are important in economics. Demography including birth, migration, and death, population size and structure, and population change is also significant in economics. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and dispersion is less directly significant. Human ecology including the influence of the anvironment on people and the influence of people on the world is important. Human geography including European geography, Asian Geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic giography is important to economics. Particular groups are also important to economics.

Culture

Material culture such as foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation and communication devices, tools, and other artifiacts is vital to economics. It also depends on conceptual culture such as language, graphics, literature, mathematics, and applied science. Philosophy, including metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and philosophical schools and doctrines, is also useful. Behavioral culture such as customs and occupations is important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports have become important. Cultural events such as meeting, holidays, miscellaneous events, and disasters is also useful.

Other Institutions

There are also connections with families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families. There are also connections with education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools.

Government

Law including tribal law, asiatic law, Western law, and International law is connected to economics. government structure such as political parties, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, government heads, and government forms have a great deal to do with economics. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local governments, national governments such as Monarchies, dictatorships, and democratic governments, and international governments including imperial, colonial, and modern compacts are closely connected to economics.

Religion

Religious beliefs, practices, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and unified religions seems to be somwhat weakly connected to economics. Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion has not been carefully examined, but Christianity including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Other Christianity, and Mormonism all have economic influences, as do Islam and Judaism. Asiatic religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism also has an influence on economics. Secularist, and pagan traditions do also.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure includes considerations of economics. Economics is connected to various social types. It is small scale and informal in hunting and gathering peoples. It is hardly more evident in horticultural societies, but is a significant part of agrarian societies and vital in industrial societies.

Social change is also valuable. Social change factors including natural change, demographic change, cultural change, and institutional change can be considered. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction is also important. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution are significant including its early, middle, and late stages can be considered.

Economics of particular communities [such as Los Angeles] is discussed under the particular nations and peoples they belong to.

Studies of economics and economic systems in various peoples of the world will also be significant. The economics of particular nations are included under the peoples they belong to. [ Iran, Thailand, France, Congo, United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea]

Western civilization is probably the most influential. Particular nations include Germany. Cities including Sao Paulo can also be connected. Anglic peoples including the United States are chief among peoples of Western civilization. Cities such as New York City can be connected. Anglo-American peoples including Canadian, and British Caribbean, British, and Anglo-Australian peoples are also significant. Latin peoples including those of Mexico and cities such as Mexico City can be considered. Lusitanic peoples including Brazil can be considered. Northeast European peoples including those of Russia can be connected. Other economically important peoples include Germanic peoples, Scandinavian peoples, and Balkan peoples.

Asiatic peoples were once significant, declined under Western influence, but are again becoming important. Nations including Turkey can be examined. Cities including Tokyo, Seoul, Bombay, Delhi, and Shanghai can also be examined. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples including those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central Asian peoples including some of those found in China Oriental peoples including those of China and Japan, and Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam can be considered.

African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be considered. Western African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered.

American Indian peoples as discussed in histories of Mexico, can also be considered. South American peoples including those of Brazil can be examined. North American peoples such as those found in the United States can be connected.

History

There are traces of information available on the existence of trade from prehistory, not so much from early prehistory, but by middle prehistory and certainly late prehistory.

Information from antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millenium BC, and the early first millennium BC can be reconstructed in part.

It may be possible to extend this back into classical and medieval history, including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times.

Modern history

In the 16th century, the beginnings of worldwide trade was established. This includes the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century.

In the 17th century, worldwide trade continued to develop during the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late-mid 17th century, and late 17th century.

In the 18th century, great trading networks developed among the European powers. Details of the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late-mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be considered.

In the 19th century, the idea of free market economics was explored, and corporations began to increase in size and strength. Details of the early 19th, early-mid 19th, mid 19th, late-mid 19th, and late 19th century are not yet available.

In the 20th century. Details of the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, and mid 20th century can be considered. Events of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected.

The late-mid 20th century will be useful. The early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s lack detail at present.

The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s will be useful.

The early 21st century can be connected. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be considered.

The late 2000s, specifically 2006 down to the 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter including July, August, and September, and 4th quarter including October, November and December will be useful.

Also of some interest are 2007 down to the 1st quarter including January, February, and March, 2nd quarter including April, May, and June, and 3rd quarter including July, August, and September. The 4th quarter including October, November, and December will be useful. In 2008, the first quarter 2008 including January, February, and March can be connected. The second quarter including April, May, and June can be connected. The third quarter including July, August, and September can also be connected.

The future including the near future including next month, down to Sept and Oct 2008 Next quarter, and next year can be examined. The middle future and far future are more obscure.

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