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Probably the most significant trend of modern history is the way that Western Civilization came to dominate all peoples of the world. Latin peoples were the first to first among the colonial powers, but they were quickly followed by the Anglic peoples. The Northeast European peoples created a vast inland empire in north and central Asia. Germanic peoples were among the most warlike, but also developed culturally, and had only late and limited influence abroad. Scandinavian peoples primarily influenced Europe. Balkan peoples were largely under the rule of the Ottoman empire. |
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The influence of Western Civilization has varied somewhat through the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century.
Nations including Estonia and Mauritius can be connected. Cities including Sydney, Berlin, Porto Alegre, Barcelona, Monterrey, Seattle, and Melbourne can be connected.
In spite of their comparatively fewer numbers, the Anglic peoples have been the most prominent in modern history. They participated in the Reformation of the 16th century, and in the 17th century began colonizing North America. In the 18th century much of North America gained its independence, although by that time, the British were gaining extensive overseas dominions elsewhere. During the 19th century, the British Empire was the largest and most influential in the world. During the 20th century, British power declined, but the United States became the largest world power. [ Phoenix can be connected.
British peoples were the most important at first. The United Kingdom was behind Spain and France in exploration of the New World in the 16th century, but in the 17th century began to establish colonies in North America. In the 18th century these colonies broke away. Nevertheless, in the 19th century the Industrial revolution began to give the British a significant lead over the rest of europe. In the 20th century, the United Kingdom began to decline significantly in relative influence. London can be followed since at least the 19th century, and remained an important world city in the 20th century. The people of Ireland were less prominent. I have not yet carefully examined its earlier history, but in the 19th century it was under British rule, and in the 20th century gained independence.
Anglo-American peoples originated in the 17th century with the colonization of North America by the British. In the 18th century, the larger portion of the British colonies gained political independence as the United States, while Canada remained under British rule. Anglo-American cities including Miami can be connected.
The United States expanded across North American in the 19th century, and by the 20th century had become the predominant political and economic power in the world. US Cities include Boston, which was founded in the 17th century and remained an important city in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The US North region was settled in the 16th century and was growing in the 17th century and the 18th century. In the 19th century it was more industrialized, and it remained prominent in the 20th century. Cities include New York City was founded in the 17th century, and in the 18th century was temporarily the capital of the United States. In the 19th century it became the leading commercial and financial center of the country, and in the 20th century, one of the leading cities of the world. Philadelphia was founded in the 17th century, and has continued to be an important city in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Washington was founded in the 18th century as the capital city of the United States, and as such became a major city in the 19th century and the 20th century. Chicago was founded in the 18th century, and in the 19th century and 20th century grew to become another major city. Detroit was founded in the 18th century and grew significantly in the 19th century and the 20th century. The US South was also settled in the 17th century and developed a slaveholding agrarian economy in the 18th century. In the 19th century, It attempted secession, but was defeated and slavery was abolished. It remained less industrialized in the 20th century. The city of Dallas was founded in the 19th century and grew in the 20th century. Houston was founded in the 19th century and also grew in the 20th century. Atlanta had been founded in the 19th century and grew significantly in the 20th century. The US West was occupied sparsely by the Spanish in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. It was acquired by the United States in the 19th century and settled from the Northnern US and Southern US regions, and became important in the 20th century. Los Angeles was founded in the 18th century by the Spanish, but in the 19th century was taken by the United States, and in the 20th century became one of its major cities. San Francisco was also founded in the 18th century by the Spanish, but taken by the US in the 19th century and grew to become an important city in the 20th century.
Canada was visited by the French in the 16th century, but they began to establish successful colonies in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the British also settled colonists and took control from the French. In the 19th century, settlement expanded westward in parallel with the United States. In the 20th century, the British granted increasing degress of self-rule and finally complete independence to Canada. Toronto was founded in the 19th century, and in the 19th century continued to be an important city of Canada. It has continued to be important in the 20th century.
British Caribbean peoples have been less directly significant. Jamaica was first settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, but in the 17th century the British took control of the island. Developments in the 18th century and 19th century have been less directly significant. In the 20th century, it was granted increasing degrees of self-rule and eventually full independence.
Australia was sighted by the Dutch in the 17th century. In the 18th Century, the British began exploring Australia and establishing colonies. It was considered a growing frontier region in the 19th century, and in the 20th century was granted independence and became a regional power. New Zealand was also sighted and named by the Dutch in the 18th century, more explored in the 18th century, claimed by the British in the 18th century, and independent in the 20th century.
Latin peoples have become the most numerous of modern history. Beginning in the 16th century, the Portuguese and Spanish began developing extensive overseas empires, and in the 17th century the French also began to participate. In the 18th century, France was displaced from much of its empire, and in the 19th century, Latin America gained [political independence. In the 20th century, African colonies gained political independence, and the colonial empires were no more, although there was a permanent Latin imprint in many places. These include nations such as Panama which can be considered since at least the 19th century and 20th century. Cities include Guadalajara.
Italic peoples including the nation of Italy were important in the 16th century and had sigificant cultural influence, but this tended to decline in the 17th and 18th centuries due to disunity and as other nations with better access to the Atlantic Ocean outpaced it. These people were more prominent in the 19th century as the unification of Italy began, and in the wars and political developments of the 20th century.
French peoples were involved in the Reformation and the European expansion of the 16th century. In the 17th century, there was substantial colonization in the Americas, and the French were closely involved in the Scientific revolution. In the 18th century, they were involved in the movmemet known as the enlightenment, and while they lost most of their North American posessions to the British, began explorations in Asia, Ocieania, and Africa. In the 19th century they competed with the British and Spanish, and participated in the Industrial revolution and had significant influence in Africa. In the 20th century they have remained important, in spite of the invasions of France in two World Wars. France has been notably important in the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Paris has been the capital city of France and a major center of culture in the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 18th century, and 20th century. Haiti, in the Caribbean, was settled by French peoples and African slaves beginning in the 17th century, and was loosely ruled by France in the 18th century. It asserted its independence in the 19th century, but failed to develop in the 20th century and is considered the poorest country in the Americas.
Hispanic peoples extended their influence to Central and South America beginning in the 16th century, and established a large and wealthy colonial empire. In the 17th century this empire was a major force in European affairs. In the 18th century, it began to be eclipsed by French and British. In the 19th century, the Latin American colonies began to declare independence, and the Spanish empire broke up. In the 20th century, they were far outpaced in economic growth by the Anglic nations. Nations such as Jamaica can be connected, though not so much in the 19th century and 20th century. Cities such as Santiago which developed in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century can be connected. Caracas can be connected.
Spain was the center of the Spanish empire in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. In the 19th century it became less significant in the world with the loss of most of its empire, but it remained significant within Europe. It was also important in the 20th century. Madrid in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century was its most important city.
Hispanic Mexican America was established in the 16th century as the colony of New Spain. In the 17th century it formed the largest part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In the 18th century it remained under Colonial rule. In the 19th century, the region gained independence from Spain and broke into numerous distinct nations. In the 20th century, most of these nations remained comparatively poor and politically unstable. Mexico was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century. In the 17th century it was the center of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and in the 18th century remained under colonial rule. In the 19th century it gained independence from Spain, and in the 20th century began to be a significant nation. Mexico City was founded in the 16th century after Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital was destroyed. It has been significant in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Nations including Guatemala was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and has been significant in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Cuba was ruled by the Spanish in the 16th century, the 17th century, and the 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century, and has been important in the 20th century. The Dominican Republic was ruled by the Spanish in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. Honduras was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and ruled by them in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. El Salvador was conquered by the Spanish in the 6th century and ruled by them in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. Nicaragua was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and ruled by them in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. Costa Rica was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and ruled by them in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. Puerto Rico was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and ruled by them in the 17th century, 18th century, and most of the 19th century. It came under rule of the United States in the 20th century.
Hispanic Mexican American peoples were established as Spanish colonies in the 16th century with the Spanish Conquest. They remained under Spanish rule in the 17th century and were organized in the 18th century as the Viceroyalty of New Granada. They gained independence in the 19th century. They have been significant in the 20th century. Colombia was established in the 16th century with the Spanish Conquest, and was under Spanish rule in the 17th century and 8th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been important in the 20th century. Its capital of Bogota was founded in the 16th century and was a major colonial capital in the 17th century and 18th century. It remained important following indepencence in the 19th century and in the 20th century. Venezuela was established as a Spanish colony in the 16th century and ruled by Spain in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century ahd has been signicant in the 20th century. Ecuador was established as a Spanish colony in the 16th century and ruled by Spain in the 17th century and 18th century. It also gained indepencence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century.
Hispanic Peruvian American peoples were established in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and organized as the Viceroyalty of Peru. They remained under Spanish rule in the 17th century and the 18th century, and gained independence in the 19th century. They have been significant in the 20th century. Peru was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and was the center of Spanish rule in the region in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been important in the 20th century. Chile was conquered and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century and was under Spanish rule in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been important in the 20th century. Bolivia was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century and was ruled by them in the 18th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and has been significant in the 20th century. The city of Lima was founded in the 17th century and has been important in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century.
Hispanic Argentine American peoples were established in the 16th century following the Spanish conquest. It remained under Spanish rule in the 17th century. In the 18th century the Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata was created. These colonies gained independence in the 19th century and are important in the 20th century. Argentina was settled in the 16th century and remained a Spanish colony in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and was important in the 20th century. Paraguay was claimed in the 16th century and was a Spanish colony in the 17th century and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century and was significant in the 20th century. The city of Buenos Aires was founded in the 16th century and was an important capital city in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century.
Lusitanic peoples extended their influence to Latin America in the 16th century and had an extensive colonial empire in Africa and Asia. In the 17th century, they continued to be prominent, but in the 18th century began to lose control of most of the empire to other nations. In the 19th century Brazil gained independence, and Lusitanic peoples have been less prominent in the 20th century. Portugal was important in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century, but became less significant with the loss of Brazil, and has had a fairly minor role in the 20th century. Brazil was colonized in the 16th century and ruled by Portugal in the 17th and 18th centuries. It gained independence in the 19th century, and has progressed somewhat in the 20th century. Sao Paulo was founded in the 16th century and has remained prominent in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Rio de Janeiro was also founded in the 16th century and has remained prominent in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Belo Horizonte was founded in the 18th century and has become more significant in the 19th century and 20th century.
Germanic peoples were important in the 16th century due to the Protestant Reformation. Religious-related warfare was important in the 17th century as well, and the Dutch began to expand overseas. German political unification began in the 18th century, and by the 19th century, Germany and Austria-Hungary were two major empires. The Germanic nations were prominent in the world wars of the 20th century, and lost most of their colonial empires. Germany in the 16th century was the original center of the Protestant Reformation, and in the 17th century was involved in the Thurty years war. In the 18th century its political unification began, and in the 19th century it was the center of an important empire. It was at the center of two world wars in the 20th century. For the Netherlands the 16th century is a complex, confused period. In the 17th century the Dutch had a significant overseas commercial empire. By the 18th century this had been mostly eclipsed by the British. It was important in european affairs of the 19th century, and in the 20th century was invaded twice by Germany. Belgium has a somewhat complex, confused history in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. The modern nation emerged in the 19th century and became a minor colonial power. In the 20th century it was invaded twice by Germany. Austria can be considered in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. By the 19th century it had become a major power in Europe. In the 20th century the empire of Austria-Hungary was broken up by World War I, and thereafter Austria was much reduced in influence. Switzerland can be considered, although details of the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century are not yet clear. Cities include Ruhr, which is actually an urban agglomeration of multiple smaller towns, emerged in the 19th century and has been important in the 20th century.
Northeast European peoples lagged somewhat in cultural and economic development in the 16th century and 17th century, but developed significantly in the 18th century. They were expanding in the 19th cenntury. Their 20th century history has been dominated by the Communist governerment of the USSR. St. Petersburg can be connected.
Russia was conquering the Tartars in the 16th century cantury. In the 17th century it began a modernization campaign and conflicted with Poland, Turkey, and expanded into Siberia. In the 18th century these developments continued. In the 19th century it began to reach its limits of expansion. In the 20th century, the Russian empire was overthrown and the Communist USSR established. This government, which established Russia as one of two world superpowers, did not last the century. Moscow was a significant city as the capital of Russia during the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Ukraine was dominated by Poland in the 16th century, but in the 17th century, Russia and the Ottoman Empire contended for influence, and by the 18th century, it was primarily under Russian rule. It was part of the Russian empire in the 19th century and part of the USSR in most of the 20th century, but gained independence as a separate nation. Poland in the 16th century was the largest netion in Europe, but began to decline thorough the 17th century, 18th century, and 19th century. In the 20th century it was involved in conflicts with Germany, and was dominated by Russia. Belarus can be considered in the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. I have few details for the Czech Republic in the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, or 20th century. I have few details for Slovakia in the 18th century, 19th century, or 20th century. I have few details for Moldova in the 18th century, 19th century, or 20th century. I have few details for Lithuania in the 19th century or 20th century. I have few details for Latvia in the 19th century or 20th century. Other Eastern European peoples will be better connected as the site develops.
Balkan peoples have had a complex modern history. Many of them were dominated by the Ottoman Empire, and others by Austria and Hungary in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. Many of them became independent in the 19th century, and in the 20th century there has been increased division and fagmentation.
For Hungary I have few details of the 16th century, 17th century, or 18th century. In the 19th century it was part of the empire of Austria-Hungary. This was broken up inthe 20th century and Hungary was much reduced. For Serbia I have few details of the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century. It was the center of an independent kingdom in the 19th century. In the 20th century it was part of Yugoslavia until that nation broke up. For Bulgaria I do not yet have many details of the 17th century, or 18th century, or 19th century. It was an independent, though Commounist dominated nation in most of the 20th century. For Bosnia and Herzegovina I do not yet have much information about the 19th century or the 19th century. It was part of Yugoslavia until that nation broke up in the 20th century. For Croatia I do not yet have details of the 18th century, or 19th century. It was part of Yugoslavia until that nation broke up in the 20th century. For Albania I do not have details of the 19th century or the 20th century. For Kosovo I have only begun to consider the 19th century and the 20th century. For Macedonia I have only begun to consider the 20th century. Slovenia can be connected.
I have few details of the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, or 19th century. In the 20th century it was under Communist rule for years.
Connections to modern history are so far rather general.
Greece was under Ottoman rule in the 16th century, 17th century, and 18th century. It gained independence in the 19th century, and has been somewhat significant in the 20th century.
Scandinavian peoples have been significant in modern history. They were prominent in the 16th and 17th century, but not so significant in the 18th century or 19th century. They were somewhat significant in the 20th century. Sweden was significant in the 16th century, but was especially prominent in the 17th century and 18th century. It had less influence in the 19th century and 20th century. Denmark can be considered in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Finland can be considered in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. Norway can be considered in the 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century.