October 2008

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Science including physics and chemistry can be connected. Astronomy including planetary astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic astronomy, and cosmology can be considered. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. and Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.

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• Note: Section beginning with Content is adapted from 2008- Wikipedia
• More details are given in Oct 2008- Wikipedia

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography will be useful.

Anthropology

9 Oct 2008 - 2008 Pacific hurricane season : Tropical Storm Odile forms south of Mexico while Hurricane Norbert weakens to tropical storm strength northwest of Odile.

11 Oct 2008 - 2008 Pacific hurricane season: Hurricane Norbert reaches Category 3 strength as it neared Baja California in Mexico.

15 Oct 2008 - 2008 Atlantic hurricane season: Hurricane Omar strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane as it nears the United States and United States Virgin Islands.

16 Oct 2008 - An earthquake of Richter scale 6.5 magnitude struck the Pacific coasts of Guatemala and Mexico.

Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group types, and social group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including effects of the environment on people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Particular groups can also be connected.

Culture

October 17 - Sachin Tendulkar scored his 11,954th run in test cricket to become the highest run scorer in test cricket. Later that day, he scored his 12,000th test run to become the only man to reach the 12,000 run mark in test cricket.

5 Oct 2008 - Rugby League: The Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles won the 2008 NRL Grand Final, defeating the Melbourne Storm 40-0.

6 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to Harald zur Hausen of Germany for his discovery of the human papilloma viruses that can cause cervical cancer in women, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier of France for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.

7 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded Yoichiro Nambu for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, and Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicted the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.

8 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: The 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Y. Tsien for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP).

9 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: French writer Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio was announced the winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature.

10 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: The Nobel peace prize was awarded to former Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari for mediation for the resolution of international conflicts who, as a UN special envoy, guided Namibia to independence in 1990, oversaw the 2005 reconciliation between the government of Indonesia and rebels in Aceh, and mediated a peace deal in Kosovo.

13 Oct 2008 - Nobel Prize: United States economist Paul Krugman won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics for "analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity".

15 Oct 2008 - The Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers 5-1 in the fifth game of the 2008 National League Championship Series winning the series 4-1 and advancing to the 2008 World Series.

17 Oct 2008 - Sachin Tendulkar of the India cricket team became the highest aggregate run scorer in Test cricket at 0901 hrs(GMT) and the first to pass 12,000 in scoring 88 during the second test against Australia at the Punjab Cricket Association Stadium in Mohali.

21 Oct 2008 - India won the second test match of the 2008-09 Border-Gavaskar cricket test series against Australia at Mohali by 320 runs

27 Oct 2008 - Line m2 of the Lausanne Metro started revenue service, making Lausanne, Switzerland, the smallest city in the world to have a metro system.

28 Oct 2008 - At its Professional Developers Conference, Microsoft delivered a pre-beta release of Windows 7 to developers, and announced plans to release a full Windows 7 beta early in 2009.

29 Oct 2008 - The Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series 4 games to 1, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 4-3 in Game 5.

29 Oct 2008 - India's Viswanathan Anand retained the World Chess Championship title in Bonn, Germany, by defeating Russia’s Vladimir Kramnik.

3 Oct 2008 - A jury convicted retired American football player O.J. Simpson of armed robbery and kidnapping, 13 years to the day after he was acquitted of killing his ex-wife and her friend in Los Angeles.

2 Oct 2008 - A search team found the wreckage of the airplane flown by adventurer Steve Fossett in the mountains of Madera County, California, and what appear to be some of his personal effects nearby. Fossett had disappeared on September 3, 2007.

3 Oct 2008 - Investigators in the United States announced that they had found human remains in what is believed to be the wreckage of Steve Fossett's plane, which went missing over California a year ago.

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected.

Institutions

October 7 - Global financial crisis: Russia agreed to provide Iceland with a four-billion-euro loan.

October 9 - Global financial crisis: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority took control of three largest banks in the country: Kaupthing Bank, Landsbanki, and Glitnir.

October 17 - The United Nations General Assembly elected Turkey, Austria, Japan, Uganda, and Mexico to two-year terms on the Security Council.

October 29 - Global financial crisis: Hungary's currency and stock markets rose on the news that it would receive an international economic bailout package worth $25 billion from the IMF, European Union and World Bank.

October 29 - Northwest Airlines merged into Delta Air Lines, making Delta the world's largest airline company.

8 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling released details of a rescue package aimed at restoring confidence in British Banks. As part of the deal the British Government will provide £50bn of investment, provide a further £200bn in short term loans and guarantee up to £250bn of intra-bank loans.

8 Oct 2008 - Ford Motor's Volvo subsidiary tripled the number of jobs it planned to cut to 6,000 positions, or 25 percent of its work force, citing a "rapidly deteriorating" auto market.

9 Oct 2008 - The U.S. National Security Agency was accused of listening to Americans' private phone conversations.

9 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: Head of International Monetary Fund said the US Financial Crises threatened to send the world into a recession. IMF released World Economic Outlook report with gloomy projections for the global financial system. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 678.91 points to 8,579.19 points. Greece introduced a 100,000 Euro guarantee for the 230 billion Euro bank deposits in the country for three years, well above the EU-wide Ecofin-mandated minimum of 50,000 Euro for one year, and gave assurances that the Greek banking system is stable, while the Greek central bank announced a drop in the expected growth of the Greek economy to 3.3% (from 4%) because of decreased consumption caused by high petrol and food prices.

10 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: European markets fell steeply upon opening. Fears of a global recession send Asian markets tumbling. The Australian Stock Exchange suffers its greatest fall since the crash of 1987 . The Dow Jones finished down 128 points, after twice reaching down 700 points and below 8000 points. The United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson says that the Bush administration will proceed with plans to buy stocks in United States financial institutions. Group of Seven finance ministers who met in Washington with IMF chief and World Bank president announce a plan to combat the crisis including the use of "all available tools" to support key institutions and prevent their failure.

10 Oct 2008 - NATO ministers reached a deal after overcoming resistance from France, Italy and Germany by agreeing that only willing countries temporarily "act in concert with the Afghans, against [drug] facilities".

11 Oct 2008 - Singapore Police Commissioner Khoo Boon Hui was elected the new president of Interpol.

11 Oct 2008 - European Union monitors in Georgia confirmed that Russia has met the withdrawal deadline.

9 Oct 2008 - War on Terrorism: NATO commander U.S. Army Gen. Bantz J. Craddock asked member countries for authority to target drug trade in Afghanistan. U.S. claimed 27 militants killed in military operations in Afghanistan. Suicide bomber attacked police headquarters in Pakistani capital of Islamabad, wounding eight. Two air strikes northwest of Pakistan killed 20 militants. US missile strikes in northwest of Pakistan kill at least nine. A roadside bomb in north-western Pakistan hit a school bus and a prison vehicle, killing four school children and at least six others.

10 Oct 2008 - An Alaskan legislative committee found that the Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin unlawfully abused her authority in terminating the Public Safety Commissioner Walter Monegan.

10 Oct 2008 - The Connecticut Supreme Court rules that gay and lesbian couples have the right to marry in Connecticut.

11 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: United States President George W. Bush committed to collaborative action with G7 finance ministers. The International Monetary Fund warned of a global meltdown and offered to lend to countries if needed.

11 Oct 2008 - The U.S. State Department removed North Korea from its list of sponsors of terrorism.

13 Oct 2008 - The European Union temporarily lifted travel bans on Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko and other top officials for six months to encourage democratic reforms in that country.

13 Oct 2008 - The Dow Jones industrial average increased by 935 points or 11.1 percent as stock markets around the world respond positively to steps to relieve the economic crisis of 2008.

13 Oct 2008 - Summer 2008 California wildfires A second wildfire broke out in the hills above Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley prompting mandatory evacuations. Santa Ana winds caused an existing fire in the Angeles National Forest north of Los Angeles to flare up resulting in the closure of two freeways.

13 Oct 2008 - The U.S. Federal Reserve approved the merger of Wells Fargo and Wachovia after Citigroup withdrew the legal case in a New York federal court to put a hold on the merger.

14 Oct 2008 - Double murderer Richard Cooey is executed at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, despite his claims that his obesity made lethal injection inhumane.

14 Oct 2008 - United States President George W. Bush announced new measures to attack the current economic crisis including plans for the U.S. government to buy stakes in major banks.

16 Oct 2008 - The United States Environmental Protection Agency set a new standard, cutting the amount of lead that can be released into the atmosphere by 90 percent.

16 Oct 2008 - United States economy The United States consumer price index remaines unchanged during September as falling costs for clothes, gasoline and new cars helped to offset rising food and medical prices.

16 Oct 2008 - Industrial production in the United States fell by 2.8% due to the impact of hurricanes, a strike at Boeing and the credit crunch.

17 Oct 2008 - U.S. Congressman Vito Fossella was convicted of drunken driving.

17 Oct 2008 - The United States Supreme Court overturns a lower court’s order requiring state officials in Ohio to supply information that would have made it easier to challenge prospective voters.

17 Oct 2008 - The United States State Department claims that North Korea had stepped up disablement of its nuclear reactor and allowed surveillance of its nuclear facility to resume.

17 Oct 2008 - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared that the beluga whale of Alaska's Cook Inlet is an endangered species.

17 Oct 2008 - Turkey, Austria, Japan, Mexico and Uganda were elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the Security Council. Iran and Iceland failed in their bids.

17 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: The Parliament of Germany passed a 500 billion euro ($673.8 billion) bank bailout.

21 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: Iceland's Kaupthing Bank failed to pay interest to its 50-billion-yen (US$493 million) bondholders in Japan.

18 Oct 2008 - United States President George W. Bush met with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and European Commission President José Manuel Barroso to discuss a proposal for a summit of world leaders to discuss the current economic crisis.

19 Oct 2008 - Retired General and former Secretary of State Colin Powell endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States.

23 Oct 2008 - The New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of extending the term limit on the office of the Mayor to three consecutive four-year terms from two consecutive four-year terms. This allows current Mayor Michael Bloomberg to run for office again in the next mayoral election in November 2009.

24 Oct 2008 - The mother and the brother of American actress and singer Jennifer Hudson were murdered.

October 3 - Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signed the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.

26 Oct 2008 - United States Special Operations Forces, stationed in Iraq, launched a cross-border raid in Syria, attacking a civilian building under construction near Abu Kamal, Syria. The Syrian government stated 8 civilians were killed.

24 Oct 2008 - Government heads of 45 countries from Asia and Europe meet in Beijing as the 7th Asia-Europe Meeting convenes with financial crisis topping the agenda.

26 Oct 2008 - A shooter killed two people and injured another at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway, Arkansas.

27 Oct 2008 - Alaskan Senator Ted Stevens was found guilty on all seven counts of lying on United States Senate financial documents.

27 Oct 2008 - The Washington, D.C. Metro announced it would randomly search "backpacks, gym bags and any other containers that riders carry with them onto the bus and rail system" during periods of increased threat.

27 Oct 2008 - Nine major US banks would receive a $US123 billion capital injection from the federal government, says a Treasury Department official.

27 Oct 2008 - Two Neo-Nazi white supremacists were arrested for plotting to assassinate US presidential candidate Barack Obama.

29 Oct 2008 - The United States Treasury Department spent US $125 billion of its $700 billion bailout fund on nine banks, some of whom had argued that they did not need the money.

15 Oct 2008 - Retail sales in the United States decline by 1.2% in September 2008, a third successive month in decline and the sharpest decline in three years, further evidence that the United States economy is in a recession.

October 6 - Global financial crisis: The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell below 10,000 points for the first time since October 29, 2004

October 9 - Global financial crisis: The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 679 points, or 7.3%, and plunged below 8,600 for the first time since May 21, 2003.

October 13 - Global financial crisis: The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 936 points, or 11.1%, the biggest one-day point gain in history.

October 15 - Global financial crisis: The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 733 points, or 7.87%, the second largest one-day point loss ever.

October 28 - Global financial crisis: The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 889.35 points, 10.88%, and brought the total above 9,000 points in the market's 2nd best day ever.

7 Oct 2008 - The United States Federal Reserve announces plans to buy billions of dollars of short-term commercial paper to restore liquidity to the money market.

7 Oct 2008 - The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke warned that the crisis will weaken the United States economy well into 2009 and expressed a willingness to cut interest rates.

7 Oct 2008 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 500 points following Bernanke's comments.

8 Oct 2008 - The United States Federal Reserve Board cuts interest rates by half a percentage point to 1.5% as part of coordinated activity with the European Central Bank and other central banks.

6 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: The Dow Jones industrial average fell by as much as 800.06 points, its biggest intraday drop on record; the Dow closed below the 10,000 mark for the first time since October 26, 2004. Speaking before a U.S. House Committee, Richard Fuld, CEO of failed Lehman Brothers says that he believed all his decisions "were both prudent and appropriate" given the information he had at the time. Significant losses were marked on stock exchanges world-wide: São Paulo Stock Exchange suspended trading after a 15 percent drop in its benchmark index. The UK's leading share index, the FTSE 100 closes down 391.1 points (7.85%), the largest single day points fall since it was launched in 1984. The French CAC 40 also recorded a record drop of 9.04%, whilst Germany's DAX finished down 7.09%. United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson announced that Neel Kashkari will be in charge of administering the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.(NASDAQ)

6 Oct 2008 - U.S. to rely on Russia for manned space flights between 2010 and 2015.

4 Oct 2008 - Mahir al-Zubaydi, senior commander for al Qaeda in Iraq for Bagdad east of the Tigris River, was killed by U.S. troops.

3 Oct 2008 - United States government announced sale of billions of dollars of arms to Taiwan to keep a balance with China's massive arms buildup aimed at Taiwan.

3 Oct 2008 - A jury convicted retired American football player O.J. Simpson of armed robbery and kidnapping, 13 years to the day after he was acquitted of killing his ex-wife and her friend in Los Angeles.

1 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: U.S. Representative Carol Shea-Porter said that "more than 400 economists, including Nobel laureates, appealed to Congress to slow down and make sure [they] got [the bailout bill] right". Swedish Minister for Finance Anders Borg slammed the culture of "greed" exemplified by U.S. financial institutions and its role in precipitating the current financial crisis. The U.S. Senate approved HR1424, a revised version of the proposed bailout of the nation's financial system.

1 Oct 2008 - A new U.S. Armed Forces Unified Combatant Command for Africa—AFRICOM—was created. Main functions of AFRICOM include fighting terror, securing oil supplies in Africa, and supporting U.S. foreign policy in the region where Chinese influence is growing.

2 Oct 2008 - Sarah Palin and Joe Biden had their only scheduled debate for the vice presidency of the United States.

2 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: The United States Securities and Exchange Commission said it would extend the short-sale ban to as long as October 17 or up to three business days after the passage of the proposed bailout plan, but will not make it permanent. The Wall Street Journal reports that the short-sale ban failed to prevent stock-price declines, increased the volatility in the stock market and made trading more expensive for investors. U.S. House of Representatives Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said that no Democrats who opposed the proposed bailout plan earlier this week have pledged to back it.

1 Oct 2008 - The United States Senate passed the civilian nuclear agreement with India by a vote of 86–13. India had not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but may now undertake nuclear trade to the States

1 Oct 2008 - The National Transportation Safety Board reported that a Metrolink engineer sent a text message 22 seconds before the Chatsworth train collision in Los Angeles, California, that killed 25 people.

1 Oct 2008 - United States Army General David D. McKiernan, the commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan, said that a greater military presence is "needed as quickly as possible."

3 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signed the US$ 700,000,000,000 bailout bill after it is passed by the House.

Family including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be important. Education including research and teaching can be connected. Cultural institutions such as museums, libraries, and perfomance venues can be connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be connected. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Economics can be considered. Economic activity including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be considered. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building industry, social and medical services, communication, transportation, and commercial and financial services can be considered. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be considered. Government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be connected. Government structure such as political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including succession, administration, and state relations can be considered. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be considered Religion including religious beliefs, religious practice, and organization can be connected. Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be connected

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular social changes can be considered.

Communities including Shanghai, Osaka, Calcutta, Karachi, Canton, Jakarta, and Cairo can be connected.

Peoples of the world will be important.

9 Oct 2008 - War on Terrorism: NATO commander U.S. Army Gen. Bantz J. Craddock asked member countries for authority to target drug trade in Afghanistan. U.S. claimed 27 militants killed in military operations in Afghanistan. Suicide bomber attacked police headquarters in Pakistani capital of Islamabad, wounding eight. Two air strikes northwest of Pakistan killed 20 militants. US missile strikes in northwest of Pakistan kill at least nine. A roadside bomb in north-western Pakistan hit a school bus and a prison vehicle, killing four school children and at least six others.

11 Oct 2008 - The U.S. State Department removed North Korea from its list of sponsors of terrorism.

8 Oct 2008 - The United States embassy in Beirut sought assistance in finding two US journalists missing in Lebanon.

4 Oct 2008 - Mahir al-Zubaydi, senior commander for al Qaeda in Iraq for Bagdad east of the Tigris River, was killed by U.S. troops.

3 Oct 2008 - United States government announced sale of billions of dollars of arms to Taiwan to keep a balance with China's massive arms buildup aimed at Taiwan.

Nations including Congo (DR), United Kingdom, Italy, and South Korea can be connected.

9 Oct 2008 - Democratic Republic of the Congo accused Rwanda of sending troops across the border, threatening the city of Goma.

27 Oct 2008 - Kivu conflict: Tutsi rebels under Laurent Nkunda were reportedly advancing on the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. MONUC peacekeeping forces were engaged in heavy fighting against rebels.

2 Oct 2008 - The commisioner of the Metropolitan Police Service and the most senior policeman in the United Kingdom, Sir Ian Blair, announced that he will stand down from his post in December of this year, citing a lack of support from London Mayor Boris Johnson.

5 Oct 2008 - Senior British Commander said military victory in Afghanistan is impossible.

9 Oct 2008 - Court in the United Kingdom hears of how two doctors planned car bomb attacks on London and Glasgow airports in revenge for how UK was treating Muslims

13 Oct 2008 - The United Kingdom House of Lords rejected the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 by 309 votes to 118.

26 Oct 2008 - A light aircraft en route from Gloucester, England, to Kilrush, Ireland, crashed in the Wicklow Mountains of Ireland, killing four people.

30 Oct 2008 - A freak hailstorm hit East Devon, England, causing flooding in and around Ottery St Mary and Honiton.

17 Oct 2008 - Turkey, Austria, Japan, Mexico and Uganda were elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the Security Council. Iran and Iceland failed in their bids.

Western Civilization can be considered.

France17 Oct 2008 - The President of France Nicolas Sarkozy withdrew tacit support for the Quebec sovereignty movement shown by some of his predecessors in a visit to Quebec City.

Western cities including Los Angeles can be considered.

Anglic peoples include events in the United States

On Oct 1, the United States Senate passed the civilian nuclear agreement with India by a vote of 86–13. India had not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but may now undertake nuclear trade to the States The National Transportation Safety Board reported that a Metrolink engineer sent a text message 22 seconds before the Chatsworth train collision in Los Angeles, California, that killed 25 people. United States Army General David D. McKiernan, the commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan, said that a greater military presence is "needed as quickly as possible." U.S. Representative Carol Shea-Porter said that "more than 400 economists, including Nobel laureates, appealed to Congress to slow down and make sure [they] got [the bailout bill] right". Swedish Minister for Finance Anders Borg slammed the culture of "greed" exemplified by U.S. financial institutions and its role in precipitating the current financial crisis. The U.S. Senate approved HR1424, a revised version of the proposed bailout of the nation's financial system. A new U.S. Armed Forces Unified Combatant Command for Africa—AFRICOM—was created. Main functions of AFRICOM include fighting terror, securing oil supplies in Africa, and supporting U.S. foreign policy in the region where Chinese influence is growing. On Oct 2, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden had their only scheduled debate for the vice presidency of the United States. A search team found the wreckage of the airplane flown by adventurer Steve Fossett in the mountains of Madera County, California, and what appear to be some of his personal effects nearby. Fossett had disappeared on September 3, 2007. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission said it would extend the short-sale ban to as long as October 17 or up to three business days after the passage of the proposed bailout plan, but will not make it permanent. The Wall Street Journal reports that the short-sale ban failed to prevent stock-price declines, increased the volatility in the stock market and made trading more expensive for investors. U.S. House of Representatives Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said that no Democrats who opposed the proposed bailout plan earlier this week have pledged to back it. On Oct 3. President Bush signed the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a $700 billion Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets after the law was approved by the House of Representatives. Investigators in the United States announced that they had found human remains in what is believed to be the wreckage of Steve Fossett's plane, which went missing over California a year ago. The United States government announced the sale of billions of dollars of arms to Taiwan to keep a balance with China's massive arms buildup aimed at Taiwan. A jury convicted retired American football player O.J. Simpson of armed robbery and kidnapping, 13 years to the day after he was acquitted of killing his ex-wife and her friend in Los Angeles. On Oct 4, Mahir al-Zubaydi, senior commander for al Qaeda in Iraq for Bagdad east of the Tigris River, was killed by U.S. troops. On Oct 6, the Dow Jones industrial average fell by as much as 800.06 points, its biggest intraday drop on record; the Dow closed below the 10,000 mark for the first time since October 26, 2004. Speaking before a U.S. House Committee, Richard Fuld, CEO of failed Lehman Brothers says that he believed all his decisions "were both prudent and appropriate" given the information he had at the time. Significant losses were marked on stock exchanges world-wide: São Paulo Stock Exchange suspended trading after a 15 percent drop in its benchmark index. The UK's leading share index, the FTSE 100 closes down 391.1 points (7.85%), the largest single day points fall since it was launched in 1984. The French CAC 40 also recorded a record drop of 9.04%, whilst Germany's DAX finished down 7.09%. United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson announced that Neel Kashkari will be in charge of administering the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The U.S. annonuced that it would rely on Russia for manned space flights between 2010 and 2015. On Oct 7, The United States Federal Reserve announced plans to buy billions of dollars of short-term commercial paper to restore liquidity to the money market.Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke warned that the crisis will weaken the United States economy well into 2009 and expressed a willingness to cut interest rates. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 500 points following Bernanke's comments. On Oct 8, The United States Federal Reserve Board cut interest rates by half a percentage point to 1.5% as part of coordinated activity with the European Central Bank and other central banks. The United States embassy in Beirut sought assistance in finding two US journalists missing in Lebanon.

On Oct 9, The U.S. National Security Agency was accused of listening to Americans' private phone conversations. NATO commander U.S. Army Gen. Bantz J. Craddock asked member countries for authority to target drug trade in Afghanistan. U.S. claimed 27 militants killed in military operations in Afghanistan. US missile strikes in northwest of Pakistan killed at least nine. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 679 points, or 7.3%, and plunged below 8,600 for the first time since May 21, 2003. On Oct 10 An Alaskan legislative committee found that the Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin unlawfully abused her authority in terminating the Public Safety Commissioner Walter Monegan. The Connecticut Supreme Court ruled that gay and lesbian couples have the right to marry in Connecticut. On Oct. 11, President George W. Bush committed to collaborative action with G7 finance ministers. The International Monetary Fund warned of a global meltdown and offered to lend to countries if needed. The State Department removed North Korea from its list of sponsors of terrorism. On Oct 13, the Dow Jones industrial average increased by 935 points or 11.1 percent, the biggest one-day point gain in history, as stock markets around the world responded positively to steps to relieve the economic crisis of 2008. A second wildfire broke out in the hills above Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley prompting mandatory evacuations. Santa Ana winds caused an existing fire in the Angeles National Forest north of Los Angeles to flare up resulting in the closure of two freeways. The U.S. Federal Reserve approved the merger of Wells Fargo and Wachovia after Citigroup withdrew the legal case in a New York federal court to put a hold on the merger. On Oct 14, Double murderer Richard Cooey was executed at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, despite his claims that his obesity made lethal injection inhumane. President George W. Bush announced new measures to attack the current economic crisis including plans for the U.S. government to buy stakes in major banks. On Oct 15, retail sales in the United States were reported to have declined by 1.2% in September 2008, a third successive month in decline and the sharpest decline in three years, further evidence that the United States economy is in a recession. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 733 points, or 7.87%, the second largest one-day point loss ever.

On Oct 16, The United States Environmental Protection Agency set a new standard, cutting the amount of lead that can be released into the atmosphere by 90 percent. The United States consumer price index remained unchanged during September as falling costs for clothes, gasoline and new cars helped to offset rising food and medical prices. Industrial production in the United States fell by 2.8% due to the impact of hurricanes, a strike at Boeing and the credit crunch. On Oct 17, U.S. Congressman Vito Fossella (R-NY) was convicted of drunken driving. The United States Supreme Court overturned a lower court’s order requiring state officials in Ohio to supply information that would have made it easier to challenge prospective voters. The State Department claimed that North Korea had stepped up disablement of its nuclear reactor and allowed surveillance of its nuclear facility to resume. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared that the beluga whale of Alaska's Cook Inlet was an endangered species. On Oct 18, President Bush met with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and European Commission President José Manuel Barroso to discuss a proposal for a summit of world leaders to discuss the current economic crisis. On Oct 19, retired General and former Secretary of State Colin Powell endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States. On Oct 23, the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of extending the term limit on the office of the Mayor to three consecutive four-year terms from two consecutive four-year terms, which will allow current Mayor Michael Bloomberg to run for office again in the next mayoral election in November 2009.

On Oct. 24, the mother and brother of American actress and singer Jennifer Hudson were murdered. On Oct 26, US Special Operations Forces stationed in Iraq launched a cross-border raid in Syria, attacking a civilian building under construction near Abu Kamal, Syria. The Syrian government stated 8 civilians were killed. On Oct 28, a shooter killed two people and injured another at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway, Arkansas. On Oct 27, The Washington, D.C. Metro announced it would randomly search "backpacks, gym bags and any other containers that riders carry with them onto the bus and rail system" during periods of increased threat. Two Neo-Nazi white supremacists were arrested for plotting to assassinate US presidential candidate Barack Obama. US Senator from Alaska Ted Stevens was found guilty on all seven counts of lying on US Senate financial documents. A Treasury Department official announced that nine major US banks would receive a $123 billion capital injection from the federal government. Pakistani intelligence officials claimed that a US missile strike in South Waziristan had killed up to twenty people. The BBC claimed that about 80 people were killed during US strikes into Pakistan over the past month. On Oct 28, the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 889.35 points, 10.88%, and brought the total above 9,000 points in the market's 2nd best day ever. On Oc 29, The US Treasury Department spent US $125 billion of its $700 billion bailout fund on nine banks, some of whom had argued that they did not need the money.

I do not yet have many specific details for Anglic cities such as New York City

Among Latin peoples, Latin cities such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo can be connected.

Mexico

4 Oct 2008 - Police found nine more dead bodies around the Mexican city of Tijuana with 50 people having died over the past week as a result of a week of drug trade related violence.

9 Oct 2008 - Los Zetas of the Gulf Cartel suspected killers of 5 police near Guadalajara during nationwide crackdown in Mexico.

10 Oct 2008 - Gunmen killed 11 in a bar in Mexico in drug smuggling related violence.

Lusitanic peoples including Brazil can be considered, although I do not have events for it.

Among Northeast European peoples, in Russia

1 Oct 2008 - Russia's supreme court declared the imperial dynasty victims of political repression, marking the official rehabilitation of the house of Romanov. The decision overturned a lower court ruling that classified the killings as plain murder, and exonerated Emperor Nicholas II and his family of the alleged crimes the Bolshevik regime used to justify their killing.

3 Oct 2008 - 2008 South Ossetia war aftermath: An attempt of assasination of head of the Akhalgori Ossetian administration, Anatoli Margiev failed. He survived the explosion of a bomb planted on a road in Georgian village while driving to Tskhinvali, South Ossetia. Two teenagers were injured after blowing up a landmine at the territory of the military base in Gori, Georgia. Seven Russian soldiers died from an explosion in breakaway South Ossetian capital, Tskhinvali. PACE called for international probe into the 2008 South Ossetia war.

3 Oct 2008 - 2008 Russian financial crisis: Both of Russia's main stock exchanges, the MICEX and RTS, suspended trading of stocks "for technical reasons" as the markets rally after a 1-1/2 day trading halt that ended earlier in the morning. Trading was suspended for a second and a third time in the same day at the RTS stock exchange as Russian equities tumbled. The dollar-denominated stock index was last down 7.8% in intraday trading. At MICEX, index fell 6.2% in intraday trading.

3 Oct 2008 - Russia's foreign minister called for international action to halt piracy in Somalia.

4 Oct 2008 - 2008 South Ossetia war: Colonel Ivan Petrik, chief of staff of the Russian ground force in South Ossetia, was confirmed dead from wounds he suffered in the Friday blast in Tskhinvali. Switzerland was to represent Russian interests in Georgia . Sweden was to represent Georgian interests in Russia.

5 Oct 2008 - 2008 South Ossetia war Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered the Defense Ministry, law enforcement agencies and the Foreign Ministry to investigate a bombing in the South Ossetian capital, Tskhinvali, on 3 October, 2008. A car, carrying weapons, was detained by Russian peacekeepers in Georian village and transported to Tskhinvali, where it exploded. EU and OSCE earlier condemned this 'act of terrorism'. Georgian authorities claimed 'Russian special servises' 'were behind' the blast that left 7 servicemen of Russian peacekeeping forces dead. Earlier, on October 2, an attempt of assasination of head of the Akhalgori Ossetian administration, Anatoli Margiev failed. He survived the explosion of a bomb planted on a road in Georgian village while driving to Tskhinvali, South Ossetia. Russian troops wre dismantling positions in security zones on the border of South Ossetia and Georgia created after the war, a Georgian Interior Ministry official said.

6 Oct 2008 - 2008 Russian financial crisis: Trading was suspended on Russia's leading stock exchanges after shares plunged nearly 20 percent amid a backdrop of falling oil prices and fears over the global economy.

6 Oct 2008 - U.S. to rely on Russia for manned space flights between 2010 and 2015.

7 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: Russia agreed to provide Iceland with emergency loans of 4 billion euros ($5.4 billion).

7 Oct 2008 - 2008 Russian financial crisis: President Dmitry Medvedev announced an extra 950 billion roubles ($36.4 billion) of new emergency credit for banks at a Kremlin meeting.

8 Oct 2008 - 2008 Russian financial crisis: The RTS and MICEX stock exchanges halt trading until Friday after opening for just more than half an hour as prices plummeted in tune with the overall situation in the world's stock markets and falling oil prices.

10 Oct 2008 - Former Russian cross country ski champion Alexey Prokurorov died after he was hit by a car while crossing a road in Vladimir.

11 Oct 2008 - An earthquake struck southern Russia with tremors felt across five Russian regions. The epicentre was in Chechnya, with 12 dead.

18 Oct 2008 - Russia reported that two soldiers were killed and seven were wounded in an ambush by local Muslim separatists in Ingushetia. Other reports suggested as many as 40 Russian troops were killed.

Among Germanic peoples, in Germany

5 Oct 2008 - Subprime mortgage crisis: The German government moved to back troubled Hypo Real Estate with a 50 billion euro rescue plan. German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that Germany will explicitly guarantee the deposits in banks held by its citizens.

Asiatic peoples can be connected.

Thailand5 Oct 2008 - Thai police arrested former mayor of Bangkok and protest leader Chamlong Srimuang on charges of insurrection.

5 Oct 2008 - Apirak Kosayothin was re-elected as Governor of Bangkok.

6 Oct 2008 - Thousands of anti-government protesters marched in Bangkok as People's Alliance for Democracy demanded elected government step down.

7 Oct 2008 - 2008 Thai political crisis: The anti-government protester group were injured as police attacked barricades outside Thailand's parliament in Bangkok injuring over 400 people, 2 found dead.

10 Oct 2008 - Leaders of the anti-government protests in Thailand surrendered to the police.

14 Oct 2008 - 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off: Thailand stated that it was prepared to respond militarily if attacked by Cambodia after Cambodia issued an ultimatum to withdraw from disputed border areas.

15 Oct 2008 - 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off: Cambodia claimed that Thai forces were grouping near the disputed area with later reports of an exchange of gunfire resulting in the death of two Royal Cambodian Army soldiers.

16 Oct 2008 - 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off: Cambodia and Thailand agreed to joint border controls following a recent clash.

19 Oct 2008 - Cambodia agreed to release 13 Royal Thai Army soldiers captured during recent fighting in the 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off.

For Asiatic cities such as Manila I do not yet have specific detail.

Among Middle Eastern peoples

Iran

7 Oct 2008 - A Hungarian plane was forced to land in Iran, countering earlier reports of a US military jet being forced to land for violating Iranian airspace.

17 Oct 2008 - Turkey, Austria, Japan, Mexico and Uganda were elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the Security Council. Iran and Iceland failed in their bids.

28 Oct 2008 - Iran opened a naval base in the town of Jask, just outside the Strait of Hormuz entrance to the Persian Gulf.

For Egypt I do not yet have specific detail.

Turkey11 Oct 2008 - Turkey bombed Kurdish military targets in northern Iraq.

17 Oct 2008 - Turkey, Austria, Japan, Mexico and Uganda were elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the Security Council. Iran and Iceland failed in their bids.

Among South Asian peoples, South Asian cities such as Bombay can be connected.

in India

Delhi 19 Oct 2008 - A bridge under construction for the Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System in East Delhi collapsed, killing 1 and leaving at least 9 injured.

1 Oct 2008 - A series of 4 blasts set off in Agartala, capital of the Indian state of Tripura, killing at least 4 people and injuring 100.

1 Oct 2008 - The United States Senate passed the civilian nuclear agreement with India by a vote of 86–13. India had not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but may now undertake nuclear trade to the States

5 Oct 2008 - Authorities detained separatist leader and imposed curfew in anticipation of a separatist rally to be held on Monday in Kashmir.

12 Oct 2008 - Alphonsa Muttathupadathu, a nun from Kerala, became India's first female saint in the Roman Catholic Church.

14 Oct 2008 - Indian novelist Aravind Adiga won the Man Booker Prize for his debut The White Tiger.

17 Oct 2008 - Fourteen Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam members of the Lok Sabha in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, including two ministers and five ministers of state, handed in post-dated resignations to party chief M Karunanidhi.

21 Oct 2008 - A trade route opened within Pakistan-administered Kashmir and India's Jammu and Kashmir state after a 60-year barrier.

21 Oct 2008 - A bomb blast in Imphal, India, killed 17 people and injures more than 30. The insurgency-racked Indian seven sisters have seen two major bomb blasts this month blamed on Islamists and Communist insurgents.

22 Oct 2008 - The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launched Chandrayaan-1, the country's first unmanned lunar exploration mission.

30 Oct 2008 - A series of bomb blasts in Assam, India, killed at least 66 people and injures more than 470.

I do not have many events for Pakistan

5 Oct 2008 - Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari acknowledged his government's consent to US air strikes in Pakistan and said India has never been a threat.

10 Oct 2008 - 27 people were killed by a suicide car bomb in Pakistan near the Afghanistan border during a tribal meeting planning the eviction of the Taliban from the area.

27 Oct 2008 - Pakistani intelligence officials claimed that a US missile strike in South Waziristan had killed up to twenty people. The BBC claims that about 80 people were killed during US strikes into Pakistan over the past month.

29 Oct 2008 - At least 100 people died after a 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Pakistan in the city of Ziarat.

I do not yet have events recorded for for Bangladesh

Among Oriental peoples;

For Oriental cities such as Seoul I do not yet have specific detail.

Japan I do not yet have details for Tokyo

17 Oct 2008 - Turkey, Austria, Japan, Mexico and Uganda were elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the Security Council. Iran and Iceland failed in their bids.

21 Oct 2008 - Global financial crisis of September–October 2008: Iceland's Kaupthing Bank failed to pay interest to its 50-billion-yen (US$493 million) bondholders in Japan.

In China

3 Oct 2008 - In response to the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, Australia began withdrawing Chinese-made Kirin milk tea from shops after discovering it contained melamine in tests.

6 Oct 2008 - Another earthquake of magnitude 6.4, with two magnitude-5 aftershocks, hit Damxung, Tibet, People's Republic of China, with conflicting casualty reports anywhere from 9 to 30 deaths.

6 Oct 2008 - Nancy Kissel lost an appeal against her conviction of murdering her husband Robert Kissel in Hong Kong in 2003.

3 Oct 2008 - United States government announced sale of billions of dollars of arms to Taiwan to keep a balance with China's massive arms buildup aimed at Taiwan.

16 Oct 2008 - An explosion at a coal mine in Shizuishan city in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China resulted in at least 16 deaths.

17 Oct 2008 - China has made rules which were introduced for the Olympic Games allowing foreign reporters to interview without applying for permission permanent.

22 Oct 2008 - The Macau security law draft was unveiled; it is based on the Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, similar to the failed anti-subversion bill in Hong Kong based on Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which drew over 500,000 protesters in 2003.

31 Oct 2008 - Seven people were killed in Tibet's worst snowstorm in recorded history.

Among Southeast Asian peoples, I do not yet have events for Indonesia.

In the Philippines;

11 Oct 2008 - Extrajudicial killings in the Philippines decreased as noted by the Commission on Human Rights.

For Vietnam I do not yet have specific detail.

African peoples can be connected.

Ethiopia10 Oct 2008 - Oxfam said those needing food aid in Ethiopia has risen to 6.4 million, nearly two million more than in June .

Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected, though I have not yet identified events.

American Indian peoples such as are found in Mexico are less directly connected. Among South American peoples such as those of Brazil, I have few events recorded. Among North American Indian peoples such as the United States I have few events recorded.

Other history

Earlier periods of history through classical and medieval history are weakly connected. This is weakly connected to modern history through the 19th century. It is also weakly connected to most of the 20th century through the late 20th century. It is weakly connected to the early 2000s, For the late 2000s, this is preceded by 2007. It is preceded by the 2nd quarter 2008 and the 3rd quarter 2008, most immediately by September 2008.

It is followed by November 2008. It is connected to the future.