Late middle 20th Century


The Late middle 20th century is known for continued US-Soviet polarization in the "Cold War", which affected much of the world.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 20th Century Early 1960s Late 1960s Early 1970s Late 1970s

The Late middle 20th century is known for continued US-Soviet polarization in the "Cold War", which affected much of the world.

Early 1960s (1961-65)

The Cold war continued, and following the Cuban Missile Crisis, the US began to send increasing numbers of troops into Vietnam. U. S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He was succeeded in office by Lyndon B. Johnson. A civil rights movement and other social movments were important in the US. Algeria succeded in gaining independence from France. Khruschchev of the USSR was deposed and succeeded by Leonid Brezhnev. Nehru of India died and was succeeded by Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister. Mao instituted a "cultural revolution" in China.

Late 1960s (1966-70)

The Vietnam war continued, with increasing protests and political opposition. De Gaulle of France was removed from office, succeeded by Georges Pompidou. Brazil was led by a military dictatorshop. In 1966, Sukarno of Indonesia was stripped of most of his political power, but retained office. In 1967, Sukarno was deposed and succeded by Suharto. Israel defeated neighboring nations in the 6-day war. In 1968, Richard M. Nixon was elected President of the United States.

Early 1970s (1971-75)

Georges Pompidou of France died in office and was succeded by d'Estaing. In 1971, with the assistance of India, East Pakistan declared indepencence from Pakistan, as the nation of Bangladesh. In 1973, the Yom Kippur War, Israel was attacked by neigboring nations. Afterwards, OPEC imposed an oil embargo with significant effects on world economics. The US agreed to withdraw its military forces from Vietnam. In 1974, Nixon was forced by the Watergate scandal to resign from office, the first US president to do so. He was succeeded by his appointed Vice President Gerald Ford as 38th president of the United States. In 1975, North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam and unified the country.

Late 1970s (1976-80)

Brazil began moving toward a civilian government. In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected 39th President of the United States. Mao Zedong died. In 1977, Indira Gandhi was removed from office in India. In 1979, the Shah of Iran was overthrown in an Islamic revolution. In 1980, Indira Gandhi was returned to power in India.


Science Physics and chemistry are somewhat useful in considering the late-mid 20th century. Astronomy including solar system astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic astronomy, and cosmology can be considered. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, ecology, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.	Links to other sites None yet added.
Personal studies The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mendal distorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biographies are somewhat important. Heisenberg Kennedy Pincus Mao Gorbachev Bush, George W. Anthropology Studies of social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, types of groups, and social group bahavior will be more useful as they are better developed. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and the influence of people on the environment will be significant. Human geography including European geography Asian geography, African geography, North american geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be highly important. Particular groups can also be considered. Culture Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be useful. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology will be useful. Conceptual culture including graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. behavioral culture including occupations and recreation and enertainment will be important to studies of this period. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs and institutional customs are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, gatherings, and disasters are signifcant. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including research and teaching will be important. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues can be considered. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be connected. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Economics is important. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services are important. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Government is also vital. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judical systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of government, and government types can be connected. Activity including administration, succession, and state relations is also important. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also important. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is important for this period of history. Particular traditions including Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are all significant. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism is also valuable Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering society, horticultural society, agrarian sociey, and industrial society are significant. Social change includes social change factors. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and exctinction can be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be examined. Communities will be discussed as this site develops further. [ Calcutta, Manila, Jakarta, Karachi, Canton, Dacca] Peoples of the world are all vital. There are some connections to particular nations, which are included below under the appropriate peoples. Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan, Peru, Nepal Western civilization is particularly important. This includes the United Kingdom, cities of Los Angeles. Anglic peoples, including Anglo-American, British, and Australian in general can be considered. The United States was involved in cultural change and the Cold War. New York City can be considered. Latin peoples with nations such as Italy, and cities such as Sao Paulo can be considered. French peoples including France are important. Hispanic peoples are important. In Mexico there was economic instability. Cities include Mexico City. Lusitanic peoples can be considered. Brazil was ruled by a military government. Among Northeast European peoples, the USSR including Russia was involved in the Cold War, and the economy was in decline. Germanic people can be considered. Germany was divided between West Germany and East Germany. Scandinavian peoples and Balkan peoples can also be considered. Asiatic civilization became increasingly more prominent. Nations include South Korea. Cities include Cairo. Middle Eastern peoples including those of Iran, Egypt, and Turkey were prominent.South Asian peoples such as those of India with its city of Bombay were also significant, also Pakistan and Bangladesh. Cities include Delhi. Oriental peoples including those of China and Japan were important. Cities include Tokyo, Seoul and Shanghai, and Osaka. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand, were significant. African peoples including Congo were also noteworthy. In Eastern Africa, Ethiopia was important. In Western Africa including Nigeria there were various independence movements. American indian peoples remained largely submerged nations such as Mexico, Cities of Mexico City. South American Indian peoples as found in Brazil can be identified. North American Indians were found in the United States Other history Earlier history, such as classical and medieval, and most modern history up to the 19th century are indirectly useful in studies of this period. Events of this period are continuations of the mid 20th century, including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and especially the late 1950s. These events are continued in the late 20th century, and events overlap with them. The early 1980s are most influenced, but the late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s still make reference to them. In the early 21st century, analyses of this period are likely to be distorted by current political and idealogical concerns. this will be true in in the early 2000s as well as in the late 2000s, including 2006 and 2007. Studies are likely to continue in the future, including the near future, middle future, and far future.

Science

Physics and chemistry are somewhat useful in considering the late-mid 20th century. Astronomy including solar system astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic astronomy, and cosmology can be considered. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, ecology, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.

Links to other sites
None yet added.

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mendal distorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected.

Biographies are somewhat important.

Anthropology

Studies of social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, types of groups, and social group bahavior will be more useful as they are better developed. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and the influence of people on the environment will be significant. Human geography including European geography Asian geography, African geography, North american geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be highly important. Particular groups can also be considered.

Culture

Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be useful. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology will be useful. Conceptual culture including graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. behavioral culture including occupations and recreation and enertainment will be important to studies of this period. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs and institutional customs are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, holidays, gatherings, and disasters are signifcant.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including research and teaching will be important. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues can be considered. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be connected. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Economics is important. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services are important. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Government is also vital. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judical systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of government, and government types can be connected. Activity including administration, succession, and state relations is also important. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also important. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is important for this period of history. Particular traditions including Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are all significant. Abrahamic religion including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism is also valuable

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering society, horticultural society, agrarian sociey, and industrial society are significant. Social change includes social change factors. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and exctinction can be considered. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution can be examined. Communities will be discussed as this site develops further. [ Calcutta, Manila, Jakarta, Karachi, Canton, Dacca] Peoples of the world are all vital. There are some connections to particular nations, which are included below under the appropriate peoples. Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan, Peru, Nepal

Western civilization is particularly important. This includes the United Kingdom, cities of Los Angeles. Anglic peoples, including Anglo-American, British, and Australian in general can be considered. The United States was involved in cultural change and the Cold War. New York City can be considered. Latin peoples with nations such as Italy, and cities such as Sao Paulo can be considered. French peoples including France are important. Hispanic peoples are important. In Mexico there was economic instability. Cities include Mexico City. Lusitanic peoples can be considered. Brazil was ruled by a military government. Among Northeast European peoples, the USSR including Russia was involved in the Cold War, and the economy was in decline. Germanic people can be considered. Germany was divided between West Germany and East Germany. Scandinavian peoples and Balkan peoples can also be considered.

Asiatic civilization became increasingly more prominent. Nations include South Korea. Cities include Cairo. Middle Eastern peoples including those of Iran, Egypt, and Turkey were prominent.South Asian peoples such as those of India with its city of Bombay were also significant, also Pakistan and Bangladesh. Cities include Delhi. Oriental peoples including those of China and Japan were important. Cities include Tokyo, Seoul and Shanghai, and Osaka. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand, were significant.

African peoples including Congo were also noteworthy. In Eastern Africa, Ethiopia was important. In Western Africa including Nigeria there were various independence movements.

American indian peoples remained largely submerged nations such as Mexico, Cities of Mexico City. South American Indian peoples as found in Brazil can be identified. North American Indians were found in the United States

Other history

Earlier history, such as classical and medieval, and most modern history up to the 19th century are indirectly useful in studies of this period. Events of this period are continuations of the mid 20th century, including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and especially the late 1950s.

These events are continued in the late 20th century, and events overlap with them. The early 1980s are most influenced, but the late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s still make reference to them. In the early 21st century, analyses of this period are likely to be distorted by current political and idealogical concerns. this will be true in in the early 2000s as well as in the late 2000s, including 2006 and 2007. Studies are likely to continue in the future, including the near future, middle future, and far future.

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