Late 20th Century (1981 - 2000)


The late 20th century is noted especially for the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the virtual end of the Cold War. The focus of international attention and conflict began to shift to the Middle East. At present, this period will include any discussion of current events, until mid-May of 2007. At that time, it will be appropriate to create a new late 2000s page and split this opff into the early 21st century.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 20th Century Early 1980s Late 1980s Early 1990s Late 1990s

The late 20th century is noted especially for the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the virtual end of the Cold War. The focus of international attention and conflict began to shift to the Middle East. At present, this period will include any discussion of current events, until mid-May of 2007. At that time, it will be appropriate to create a new late 2000s page and split this opff into the early 21st century.

Early 1980s (1981 - 1985)

Ronald Reagan, a noted anti-Communist, took office as US President and US-Soviet tensions increased. Margaret Thatcher, as Prime Minister of the UK, led Britain to reclaim the Falkland Islands after they had been invaded by Argentina. Brezhnev died and after two other short-lived successors, Mikhail Gorbachev was named as leader of the Soviet Union. Indira Gandhi of India was assassinated. China, under Mao's successors, began turning away from Marxist economic principles, and began a program of economic, though not political liberalization.

Late 1980s (1986 - 1990)

Ronald Reagan was succeeded by George H. W. Bush. Margaret Thatcher in the UK faced difficult economic problems and eventually fell from power. In the USSR, Gorbachev, in attempts to liberalize society and restructure the failing economy, lost political control of the Soviet Bloc. Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe collapsed. In Brazil, civilian government repladed military rule. In India, Rajiv Gandhi, the son of Indira, attempted political reforms. A political reform movement in China which had been prompted by the collapse of Communism in the USSR and Eastern Europe was supressed.

Early 1990s (1991 - 1995)

The US expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait. John Major of the UK, who had succeeded Thatcher, supported the US. The USSR broke up into its constituent republics, with the Russian Federation as the largest. US leadership underwent a change in the majority party with the election of Bill Clinton as President. The President of Brazil was impeached and removed from office. Details of 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be included.

Late 1990s (1996 - 2000)

Several nations underwent significant changes in leadership. In the United Kingdom, Tony Blair led the Labor party to an overwhelming victory over the Conservative party. In Germany, and India, political changes were accompanied by changes in the majority party. Russia's leader Vladimir Putin, a former intelligence agent, was appointed to the position of President and reelected in part due to a disunited opposition. International attention was focused on the continuing breakup of the former Yugoslavia, and the continuing Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In China, the focus was on economic development. The leader of Zaire was deposed, and his successor renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1996 I have no details yet. In 1997, the US repored a good economy and a balanced budget. I have no details yet for 1998. In 1999 the US participated in NATO airstrikes in the former Yugoslavia in the Kosovo conflict. In 2000, Republican George H. W. Bush was elected President by an extremely narrow margin. China was noted for repression of the Falun Gong religious sect.


Science Scientific discoveries in physics and chemistry are regularly reported. Astronomy including Solar system astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactica astronomy, and cosmology can be connected. Earth sciences including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected. Personal studies The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psycholocy may be applicable. Biography can also be connected. Gorbachev Bush, George W.	Links to other sites Timeline of the 20th Century 1980-1989 (About.com) Timeline of the 20th Century 1990-1999(About.com) 1980s- Wikipedia 1990s- Wikipedia In the 80s - Timeline of the Eighties. Timeline of the 1990s, Major events of the 90s Eighty- Definition and much more from Answers.com Ninety - Definition and much more from Answers.com BBC- Cult - I Love the 1980s BBC- Cult - I Love the 1990s The 1980s Fanlisting! Index Media History Timeline- 1980s 1990s Flashback- 1990-1999
Anthropology Social foundations including social presentation, social interactions, social control, social group types, and social group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and popultion change will be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also important. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, connections with other life, and human influence on the environment is also important. Human geography will serve as the basis for historical geography. European geography and Asian geography are particularly significant, but African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography are also important. Particular groups will also be useful. Culture Material components including natural resources, agricultural products, transportation, and communication techology, medical technology, and works of art, are all important. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology contined to advance. Conceptual culture including graphics, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Behavioral culture including occupations, sports and games, and performing arts is also important. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs is important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs and conventions, and holidays will be better connected as it is developed. Institutions Families, including marriage, parent-child relationships, kinship, and particular families will be important. Education Research and teaching can also be connected. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues are connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be connected. Schools including primary schools, secondary schools, and higher education can be connected. Economics Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution are very important. Industries including companies, and Agricultural, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, commercial and financial services will be useful. Economic systems including firms, networks, types of economies, and economic system behavior can be considered. Government Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of government, and forms is important. Government activities including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Particular governments including local government and national government are also vital. International government including traditional empires, colonial empires, and modern compacts can be examined. Religion Religious belief, practice, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured forms are important. Religious traditions can also be examined. Abrahamic religion including Christianity in Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, other christian, and Mormon varietes are als significant, as are Islam, and Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian Religion, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Indian religion, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Oriental religion, Confucianism, and Taoism; and secularism were probably more influential than pagan religions. Sociology Social structure and change will be vital to studies of this period. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is of substantial interest.The social types of interest are not so much hunting and gathering or horticultural peoples, but agrarian societies are of some interest, and the major focus is on industrial societies. Social change including factors of natural change, demographic change, cultural change, and institutional change is also significant. Processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction will also be useful. Specific changes, including agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be considered. The industrial revolution continied. The early industrial revolution has limited applicability, but changes of the middle industrial revolution and computerization are also significant. Those communities that have notes on late 20th century events are mentioned below in the peoples they belong to. Tehran, London, Istanbul, Lagos Late 20th century history is only partly organized by peoples of the world. This is being approached by examining one nation at a time, then grouping it with others according to which peoples predominate. Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan, Peru, Nepal, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Taiwan, Ghana, Romania, Yemen, Australia, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Syria, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ecuador, Malawi, Niger, Guatemala, Zimbabwe, Angola, Senegal, Mali, Zambia. Western civilization is prominent. Colombia is important. Major cities include Rio de Janeiro. The emphasis is on Anglic peoples including the UK. Major cities include Los Angeles. This includes Anglo-American peoples. There are also Canadian, and British Caribbean peoples, with less emphasis on Australians. In the US significant social and political changes continued to occur. Cities include New York City. Latin peoples including those of Italy are also important. Cities include Buenos Aires. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Cities include Mexico City. Lusitanic people including Brazil can be connected. Cities include Sao Paulo. Northeast European peoples represented by Russia and Ukraine and the city of Moscow can be connected. Germanic peoples represented by Germany are also important, although Balkan and scandinavian peoples will also appear. Asiatic civilization has been prominent in the late 20th century. Myanmar, Middle eastern peoples are represented by Egypt, Turkey, and Iran. Major cities include Cairo. South Asian peoples including those of India with its major city of Bombay can be mentioned. Pakistan and Bangladesh are also mentioned. Major cities include Delhi, Calcutta, Karachi, Dacca Oriental peoples including the peoples of China, Japan, and South Korea are mentioned. Major cities include Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai Osaka, Beijing Southeast Asian peoples including those of Mainland Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australians, and Polynesian peoples are also important. Major cities include Jakarta, Manila Central Asian peoples are less well known. Russia and China include many of these peoples. African peoples are represented by South Africa. Eastern African peoples such as Ethiopia are important. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be considered. Central African peoples such as those of Congo can be considered. American Indian peoples are not yet discussed in detail. Colombia can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Meso-American Indian peoples can be considered. Events in Mexico may be important. South American Indians including those found in Brazil can be considered. North American Indian peoples included in the United States can be considered. Other History Earlier history, including classical and medieval history and modern history up to the 19th century are indirectly useful here. The events of the mid 20th century are still remembered by the older generation of people. This period is a continuation of the Late mid 20th century and follows from events of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and especially the late 1970s. This period is directly followed by the early 21st century, including the early 2000s, including the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. It has also been reviewed in the late 2000s including 2006 and 2007. This period is directly connected to the future, most directly the near future with next month, next quarter, and next year with some connections to the middle and far future.

Science

Scientific discoveries in physics and chemistry are regularly reported. Astronomy including Solar system astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactica astronomy, and cosmology can be connected. Earth sciences including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psycholocy may be applicable.

Biography can also be connected.

Anthropology

Social foundations including social presentation, social interactions, social control, social group types, and social group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and popultion change will be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also important. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, connections with other life, and human influence on the environment is also important. Human geography will serve as the basis for historical geography. European geography and Asian geography are particularly significant, but African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography are also important. Particular groups will also be useful.

Culture

Material components including natural resources, agricultural products, transportation, and communication techology, medical technology, and works of art, are all important. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology contined to advance. Conceptual culture including graphics, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Behavioral culture including occupations, sports and games, and performing arts is also important. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs is important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs and conventions, and holidays will be better connected as it is developed.

Institutions

Families, including marriage, parent-child relationships, kinship, and particular families will be important.

Education

Research and teaching can also be connected. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues are connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be connected. Schools including primary schools, secondary schools, and higher education can be connected.

Economics

Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution are very important. Industries including companies, and Agricultural, extraction and manufacturing, social and medical services, transportation, communication, commercial and financial services will be useful. Economic systems including firms, networks, types of economies, and economic system behavior can be considered.

Government

Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of government, and forms is important. Government activities including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Particular governments including local government and national government are also vital. International government including traditional empires, colonial empires, and modern compacts can be examined.

Religion

Religious belief, practice, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured forms are important. Religious traditions can also be examined. Abrahamic religion including Christianity in Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, other christian, and Mormon varietes are als significant, as are Islam, and Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian Religion, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, Indian religion, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Oriental religion, Confucianism, and Taoism; and secularism were probably more influential than pagan religions.

Sociology

Social structure and change will be vital to studies of this period. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is of substantial interest.The social types of interest are not so much hunting and gathering or horticultural peoples, but agrarian societies are of some interest, and the major focus is on industrial societies. Social change including factors of natural change, demographic change, cultural change, and institutional change is also significant. Processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction will also be useful. Specific changes, including agricultural revolution and agrarian revolution can be considered. The industrial revolution continied. The early industrial revolution has limited applicability, but changes of the middle industrial revolution and computerization are also significant.

Those communities that have notes on late 20th century events are mentioned below in the peoples they belong to. Tehran, London, Istanbul, Lagos

Late 20th century history is only partly organized by peoples of the world. This is being approached by examining one nation at a time, then grouping it with others according to which peoples predominate. Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan, Peru, Nepal, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Taiwan, Ghana, Romania, Yemen, Australia, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Syria, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ecuador, Malawi, Niger, Guatemala, Zimbabwe, Angola, Senegal, Mali, Zambia.

Western civilization is prominent. Colombia is important. Major cities include Rio de Janeiro. The emphasis is on Anglic peoples including the UK. Major cities include Los Angeles. This includes Anglo-American peoples. There are also Canadian, and British Caribbean peoples, with less emphasis on Australians. In the US significant social and political changes continued to occur. Cities include New York City. Latin peoples including those of Italy are also important. Cities include Buenos Aires. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Cities include Mexico City. Lusitanic people including Brazil can be connected. Cities include Sao Paulo. Northeast European peoples represented by Russia and Ukraine and the city of Moscow can be connected. Germanic peoples represented by Germany are also important, although Balkan and scandinavian peoples will also appear.

Asiatic civilization has been prominent in the late 20th century. Myanmar,

Middle eastern peoples are represented by Egypt, Turkey, and Iran. Major cities include Cairo.

South Asian peoples including those of India with its major city of Bombay can be mentioned. Pakistan and Bangladesh are also mentioned. Major cities include Delhi, Calcutta, Karachi, Dacca

Oriental peoples including the peoples of China, Japan, and South Korea are mentioned. Major cities include Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai Osaka, Beijing

Southeast Asian peoples including those of Mainland Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australians, and Polynesian peoples are also important. Major cities include Jakarta, Manila

Central Asian peoples are less well known. Russia and China include many of these peoples.

African peoples are represented by South Africa. Eastern African peoples such as Ethiopia are important. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be considered. Central African peoples such as those of Congo can be considered.

American Indian peoples are not yet discussed in detail. Colombia can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Meso-American Indian peoples can be considered. Events in Mexico may be important. South American Indians including those found in Brazil can be considered. North American Indian peoples included in the United States can be considered.

Other History

Earlier history, including classical and medieval history and modern history up to the 19th century are indirectly useful here. The events of the mid 20th century are still remembered by the older generation of people. This period is a continuation of the Late mid 20th century and follows from events of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and especially the late 1970s.

This period is directly followed by the early 21st century, including the early 2000s, including the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. It has also been reviewed in the late 2000s including 2006 and 2007. This period is directly connected to the future, most directly the near future with next month, next quarter, and next year with some connections to the middle and far future.

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