Mid 19th Century


The industrial revolution gathered strength as railroads began to revolutionize land transportation. Sailing ships reached new heights of speed and sophistication, although steamships began to appear. A growing conflict between "democratic" and "monarchist" ideals of government, as well as the violent legacy of the French Revolution, led to revolutionary movements throuhgout Europe.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

The industrial revolution gathered strength as railroads began to revolutionize land transportation. Sailing ships reached new heights of speed and sophistication, although steamships began to appear. A growing conflict between "democratic" and "monarchist" ideals of government, as well as the violent legacy of the French Revolution, led to revolutionary movements throuhgout Europe.

Early 1840s

c. 1846 Morton introduces use of ether for surgical anesthesia.
c. 1846 - 1848 CE Mexican War between US and Mexico gives US transcontinental extent.
c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment.
1848 Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto

Late 1840s

Early 1850s

Late 1850s

1859 CE Darwin publishes his "Origin of Species"


Connections and applications of science, earth science, biology will be discussed as this period is developed in more detail.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Personal studies The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography will be significant. Dalton Darwin Edison Faraday Marx Maxwell Morton Pasteur Bell Daguerre Mendel Planck Lister Otto Jefferson Freud Roentgen Babbage Lincoln Anthropology Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocieanic geography will be vital. Particular groups can also be connected. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including langauge, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be significant. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and particular events will be useful. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and educational organization can be considered. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be considered. Economics can be considered. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be considered. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and manufacturing industries can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Government will be important. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Particular goverments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be significant. Particular religions including Abrahmic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can also be considered. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Communities such as Delhi, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta will be principally considered along with the particular peoples they belong to. Peoples including particular nations can be considered. Turkey, Iran, Thailand, France, Congo, Italy, UK, and South Korea can be considered. Western civilization was important. In Germany, various revolutions broke out, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. Cities include New York City. Anglic peoples include the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-Mexican war and grew to continental extent). Latin peoples can be considered. Mexico was defeated and lost much of its northern territory to the US in the US-Mexican war. Mexico City can be considered. Among Lusitanic peoples, for Brazil I have few details. Among Northeast European peoples Russia helped defeat a revolution in Hungary, defeated the Ottoman empire at sea, lost its naval base on the Black Sea following the Crimean war, but continued to expand into Central Asia and reached approximately its current boundary with China. Asiatic peoples can be examined. In Egypt, the Ottoman rule was backed by the French, who build the Suez Canal. Cities include Bombay. South Asian peoples can be connected. These include India (where the British government officially asumed rule after a rebellion). In Pakistan, the British annexed the Sikh kingdom. Bangladesh was uner British control. Oriental peoples can be connected. Japan was forced to begin international trade. Cities include Tokyo and Seoul. China was defeated by Britain in the Opium wars. In Southeast Asia, for Indonesia I have few details. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. In Vietnam, the French took control of Saigon. African peoples including Ethiopia can be examined. A modern-oriented ruler came to power. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered. American Indian peoples such as are found in Mexico and in cities such as Mexico City are significant. South American Indian peoples such as are found in Brazil are important. North American Indians in the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-mexican war and grew to continental extent) were affected. Other History This is only weakly connected to other history through classical and medieval times, and also only weakly connected to earlier modern history through the 18th century. Events of this period are a continuation of the early-mid 19th century, including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s They are continued in the late-mid 19th century, and further in the late 19th century. They are studied also in the 20th century. They are studied somewhat in the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and the early 21st century, down to the early 2000s and late 2000s. They will also be examined in the future.

Connections and applications of science, earth science, biology will be discussed as this period is developed in more detail.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected.

Biography will be significant.

Anthropology

Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocieanic geography will be vital. Particular groups can also be connected.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including langauge, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be significant. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and particular events will be useful.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and educational organization can be considered. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be considered. Economics can be considered. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be considered. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and manufacturing industries can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Government will be important. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Particular goverments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be significant. Particular religions including Abrahmic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can also be considered.

Sociology

Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes will be important.

Communities such as Delhi, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta will be principally considered along with the particular peoples they belong to.

Peoples including particular nations can be considered. Turkey, Iran, Thailand, France, Congo, Italy, UK, and South Korea can be considered.

Western civilization was important. In Germany, various revolutions broke out, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. Cities include New York City. Anglic peoples include the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-Mexican war and grew to continental extent). Latin peoples can be considered. Mexico was defeated and lost much of its northern territory to the US in the US-Mexican war. Mexico City can be considered. Among Lusitanic peoples, for Brazil I have few details. Among Northeast European peoples Russia helped defeat a revolution in Hungary, defeated the Ottoman empire at sea, lost its naval base on the Black Sea following the Crimean war, but continued to expand into Central Asia and reached approximately its current boundary with China.

Asiatic peoples can be examined. In Egypt, the Ottoman rule was backed by the French, who build the Suez Canal. Cities include Bombay. South Asian peoples can be connected. These include India (where the British government officially asumed rule after a rebellion). In Pakistan, the British annexed the Sikh kingdom. Bangladesh was uner British control. Oriental peoples can be connected. Japan was forced to begin international trade. Cities include Tokyo and Seoul. China was defeated by Britain in the Opium wars. In Southeast Asia, for Indonesia I have few details. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. In Vietnam, the French took control of Saigon.

African peoples including Ethiopia can be examined. A modern-oriented ruler came to power. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered.

American Indian peoples such as are found in Mexico and in cities such as Mexico City are significant. South American Indian peoples such as are found in Brazil are important. North American Indians in the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-mexican war and grew to continental extent) were affected.

Other History

This is only weakly connected to other history through classical and medieval times, and also only weakly connected to earlier modern history through the 18th century. Events of this period are a continuation of the early-mid 19th century, including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s

They are continued in the late-mid 19th century, and further in the late 19th century. They are studied also in the 20th century. They are studied somewhat in the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and the early 21st century, down to the early 2000s and late 2000s. They will also be examined in the future.

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