Mid 19th Century


The industrial revolution gathered strength as railroads began to revolutionize land transportation. Sailing ships reached new heights of speed and sophistication, although steamships began to appear. A growing conflict between "democratic" and "monarchist" ideals of government, as well as the violent legacy of the French Revolution, led to revolutionary movements throuhgout Europe.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

The industrial revolution gathered strength as railroads began to revolutionize land transportation. Sailing ships reached new heights of speed and sophistication, although steamships began to appear. A growing conflict between "democratic" and "monarchist" ideals of government, as well as the violent legacy of the French Revolution, led to revolutionary movements throuhgout Europe.

Early 1840s

c. 1846 Morton introduces use of ether for surgical anesthesia.
c. 1846 - 1848 CE Mexican War between US and Mexico gives US transcontinental extent.
c. 1847 - 1885 Pasteur establishes bacterial origin of many diseases and infections and develops methods of treatment.
1848 Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto

Late 1840s

Early 1850s

Late 1850s

1859 CE Darwin publishes his "Origin of Species"


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Other modern history The 16th century and 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. Other events of the 19th century including the early 19th century can be connected. Events of this period are a continuation of the early-mid 19th century, including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s They are continued in the late-mid 19th century, and further in the late 19th century. They are studied also in the 20th century. They are studied somewhat in the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century. late-mid 20th century and late 20th century. The early 21st century, down to the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples including particular nations can be considered. Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, and Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, and Malawi can be considered. Western civilization was important. I do not yet have details of Spain. Cities include New York City. Anglic peoples include the United Kingdom Its government liberalized, while abroad, it was involved in the Crimean war in Russia, the Sepoy rebellion in India, and the Opium wars in China. Anglo-American peoples include the United States which defeated Mexico in the US-Mexican war and grew to continental extent. Latin peoples can be considered. Argentina can be considered. Mexico City can be considered. Among Italic peoples, Italy was mostly under Austrian rule, but began to unify. Among French peoples, In France, the short lived Second Republic ended when Napoleon III came to power. Among Hispanic peoples, Colombia can be considered. Among Hispanic Mexican American peoples, Mexico was defeated and lost much of its northern territory to the US in the US-Mexican war. Among Lusitanic peoples, for Brazil I have few details. Among Germanic peoples, In Germany, various revolutions broke out, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. Among Northeast European peoples Russia helped defeat a revolution in Hungary, defeated the Ottoman empire at sea, lost its naval base on the Black Sea following the Crimean war, but continued to expand into Central Asia and reached approximately its current boundary with China. I do not yet have details of Ukraine Asiatic peoples can be examined. Burma can be connected. Cities include Bombay. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. In Egypt, the Ottoman rule was backed by the French, who build the Suez Canal. South Asian peoples can be connected. These include India (where the British government officially asumed rule after a rebellion). In Pakistan, the British annexed the Sikh kingdom. Bangladesh was uner British control. Oriental peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details of South Korea. Cities include Seoul. China was defeated by Britain in the Opium wars. Japan with its city of Tokyo was forced to begin international trade. In Southeast Asia, I have no details on Thailand. In Mainland Southeast Asia, in Vietnam, the French took control of Saigon. In the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, for Indonesia I have few details. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. African peoples including Tanzania can be examined. East African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Northern East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be connected. A modern-oriented ruler came to power there. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples including Congo can be connected. American Indian peoples such as are found in Argentina and in cities such as Mexico City are significant. Middle American Indian peoples including Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be considered. South American Indian peoples such as are found in Colombia are important. Amazonian peoples of Brazil can be connected. North American Indians in the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-mexican war and grew to continental extent) were affected. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities Communities such as Delhi, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta will be principally considered along with the particular peoples they belong to. Social structure and change Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Institutions Religion Particular religions including Abrahmic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be considered. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious beliefs will be significant. Government Particular goverments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and manufacturing industries can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be considered. Education Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, museums, and libraries can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including gatherings, holidays, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building related occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medicatl science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected. Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, and communication technology can be connected. Miscellaneous artifacts including sculpture, musical instruments, medicines, and toys can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocieanic geography will be vital. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Personal studies Biography will be significant. Dalton Darwin Edison Faraday Marx Maxwell Morton Pasteur Bell Daguerre Mendel Planck Lister Otto Jefferson Freud Roentgen Babbage Lincoln Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Science Biology developed significantly in this period, and the work of Darwin, Pasteur, Mendel, and Lister can be considered. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and planetary astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can also be applied.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Other modern history

The 16th century and 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. Other events of the 19th century including the early 19th century can be connected. Events of this period are a continuation of the early-mid 19th century, including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s

They are continued in the late-mid 19th century, and further in the late 19th century.

They are studied also in the 20th century. They are studied somewhat in the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century. late-mid 20th century and late 20th century. The early 21st century, down to the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples including particular nations can be considered. Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, and Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, and Malawi can be considered.

Western civilization was important. I do not yet have details of Spain. Cities include New York City.

Anglic peoples include the United Kingdom Its government liberalized, while abroad, it was involved in the Crimean war in Russia, the Sepoy rebellion in India, and the Opium wars in China. Anglo-American peoples include the United States which defeated Mexico in the US-Mexican war and grew to continental extent.

Latin peoples can be considered. Argentina can be considered. Mexico City can be considered. Among Italic peoples, Italy was mostly under Austrian rule, but began to unify. Among French peoples, In France, the short lived Second Republic ended when Napoleon III came to power. Among Hispanic peoples, Colombia can be considered. Among Hispanic Mexican American peoples, Mexico was defeated and lost much of its northern territory to the US in the US-Mexican war. Among Lusitanic peoples, for Brazil I have few details. Among Germanic peoples, In Germany, various revolutions broke out, both in the Prussian-led areas and in the Austrian portion. Among Northeast European peoples Russia helped defeat a revolution in Hungary, defeated the Ottoman empire at sea, lost its naval base on the Black Sea following the Crimean war, but continued to expand into Central Asia and reached approximately its current boundary with China. I do not yet have details of Ukraine

Asiatic peoples can be examined. Burma can be connected. Cities include Bombay. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. In Egypt, the Ottoman rule was backed by the French, who build the Suez Canal. South Asian peoples can be connected. These include India (where the British government officially asumed rule after a rebellion). In Pakistan, the British annexed the Sikh kingdom. Bangladesh was uner British control. Oriental peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details of South Korea. Cities include Seoul. China was defeated by Britain in the Opium wars. Japan with its city of Tokyo was forced to begin international trade. In Southeast Asia, I have no details on Thailand. In Mainland Southeast Asia, in Vietnam, the French took control of Saigon. In the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, for Indonesia I have few details. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule.

African peoples including Tanzania can be examined. East African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Northern East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be connected. A modern-oriented ruler came to power there. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be considered. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples including Congo can be connected.

American Indian peoples such as are found in Argentina and in cities such as Mexico City are significant. Middle American Indian peoples including Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be considered. South American Indian peoples such as are found in Colombia are important. Amazonian peoples of Brazil can be connected. North American Indians in the United States (which defeated Mexico in the US-mexican war and grew to continental extent) were affected. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Communities

Communities such as Delhi, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta will be principally considered along with the particular peoples they belong to.

Social structure and change

Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Abrahmic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be considered. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious beliefs will be significant.

Government

Particular goverments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and manufacturing industries can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be considered.

Education

Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, museums, and libraries can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including gatherings, holidays, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building related occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medicatl science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected.

Material culture including industrial technology, buildings, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, and communication technology can be connected. Miscellaneous artifacts including sculpture, musical instruments, medicines, and toys can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocieanic geography will be vital. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography will be significant.

Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected.

Science

Biology developed significantly in this period, and the work of Darwin, Pasteur, Mendel, and Lister can be considered. Biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and planetary astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can also be applied.

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