Late mid 19th century


The development of steamships (including armored versions), railroads, and ballooons; and the and telegraph, together with improved guns and weaponry helped make the American Civil war the first modern war. These developments also gave Europeans a continuing substantial military advantage over traditional civilizations. The invention of the telephone introduced long-distance voice communications. The germ or bacterial theory of disease and the introduction of antiseptic technique initiated a revolution in medicine. The United States gained the lead from Britain in technological advance. Slavery was abolished in Western civilization. However, unrestricted industrialization in Europe created social conditions that contributed to the origin of the Communist movement.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century Early 1860s Late 1860s Early 1870s Late 1870s

The development of steamships (including armored versions), railroads, and ballooons; and the and telegraph, together with improved guns and weaponry helped make the American Civil war the first modern war. These developments also gave Europeans a continuing substantial military advantage over traditional civilizations. The invention of the telephone introduced long-distance voice communications. The germ or bacterial theory of disease and the introduction of antiseptic technique initiated a revolution in medicine. The United States gained the lead from Britain in technological advance. Slavery was abolished in Western civilization. However, unrestricted industrialization in Europe created social conditions that contributed to the origin of the Communist movement.

Early 1860s
Late 1860s
Early 1870s
Late 1870s

Early 1860s

1856 - 1869 Mendel establishes foundations of genetics.
c. 1860-1865 Lincoln is elected 16th president of the United States. His election precipitates the American Civil War. The successful reunification of the country and the end of black slavery are credited to his wartime leadership.

Late 1860s

1867 Marx publishes "Das Kapital"
c. 1863 - 1883 Edison invents or improves numerous electrical and communication devices and begins building electrical power networks.
c 1865 - 1877. Lister introduces antiseptic methods into surgery.

Early 1870s

c. 1870-73 Maxwell publishes his works on electromagnetic theory and thermodynamics.
1871 Darwin publishes his "Descent of Man"
c. 1875 Bell invents the telephone.

Late 1870s

1876 Otto introduces the first commecially successful gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connectee. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.
Other Modern history It is also only weakly connected to other modern history through the 16th century and 17th century. The 18th century including the early 17th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. Other 19th century history including the early 19th century and early mid 19th century can be considered. This period is a continuation of the mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s. It is continued in the late 19th century. This period is discussed and analyzed in the 20th century, including in the Early 20th Century, early-mid 20th Century, mid 20th Century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The early 21st century including the early 200s, late 2000s, early 2010s, and late 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to studies of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s. Peoples of the world Particular nations are useful. Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, Zambia can be considered. Western civilization is important. Poland can be connected. New York City became the largest city in the United States. Anglic peoples can be considered. The United Kingdom declined to interfere in the US Civil War but pursued the exploration of Africa and developed its own colonial Empire. Among Anglo-american peoples, the United States was divided by the Civil War and the following Reconstruction Era, and was afterward occupied with westward expansion. I have few details for Latin peoples. Spain can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Among Italic peoples, in Italy, unification proceeded sufficiently that the Kingdom of Italy was establsihed. Among French peoples, In France Napoleon III abdicated, the Third republic was proclaimed, and France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war. Among Hispanic peoples, Argentina can be considered. Among Hispanic Mexican American peoples, the French attempted to set up a monarchy in Mexico, but this attempt was defeated. Among Hispanic Colombian American peoples, Colombia can be connected. Among Lusitanic peoples, I have no details for Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, Prussia defeated the Austrian empire and France, and proclaimed an empire called Germany. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia expanded into South Central Asia. I do not have details for Ukraine. Asiatic civilization will also be connected as its peoples are better developed. Algeria can be connected. Delhi seems to have bcome the capital of British India. Among Middle Eastern peoples, Morocco can be connected.Turkey continued to lose territory in the Balkans. In Egypt, the Suez Canal was completed. The ruler of Egypt, who had overextended his resources, surrendered Egyptian shares in the canal to Great Britain. Persian peoples including those of Iran can be connected. South Asian peoples include India (beginning resentment of British rule). Pakistan was part of India. Bangladesh was part of India. Bombay became an important center for cotton export. Oriental peoples incude those of China (end of Taiping rebellion, weakened central government). In Japan, following the Meiji Restoration, Japanese began an intensive program of acquiring Western technology. Cities include Tokyo. I do not yet have details for South Korea. Cities such as Seoul were important. In Southeast Asia, Burma can be connected. In Mainland Southeast Asia, the French completed their conquest of Vietnam. Thailand remained independent. Among the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, I have no details for Indonesia (then known as the Dutch East Indies). The Philippines remained under Spanish rule. African peoples can be considered. I do not yet have details of Kenya. In Eastern Africa, I have no details of Tanzania. Among Northern East African peoples, in Ethiopia the ruler offended the British, who came in and deposed him, but then left, and his successor had to resist Egyptian expansion. In Interior East Africa, I do not yet have details of Sudan. In Western Africa, in Nigeria, the British were setting up governmental structures. I do not have details for Southern Africa including South Africa. In Central Africa, I do not yet have details for Congo (DR) American Indian peoples are significant. I have no details for Argentina Cities include Mexico City. Among Middle American Indian peoples, I do not yet have details for Mexico. The Southwestern American Indian peoples of the southwest United States can be connected. Among South American peoples, I lack details of Colombia. Among Amazonian peoples, I lack details of Brazil. North American Indians including those found in the United States (Civil War and reconstruction) can be considered. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities [ Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta] can be used to help examine history. Social structure and change Social change including social change factors and processes can be noted. Particular changes including those of the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution and industrial revolution can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural peoples, agrarian, and industrial societes were developing. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be considered. Institutions Religion Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, Secularism, and Pagan religion can also be considered. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented structure, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can also be discussed. Government Particular governments including local, national, and international government can be examined. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Government structure including parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, tranportation, communications, and social and medical services can be connected. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be considered. Education Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and educational administration can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disastes, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment, living and dwelling, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected. Material components such as industrial technology, buildings, and foodstuffs will also be discussed. Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medicines can be connected. Communications technology at electronic communication, writing, and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including air transportation, water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adormment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and the effect of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion may be useful. Demography including birth, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Personal studies Biography is important. Prominent individuals who lived during the late-mid 19th century include: Darwin Edison Einstein Faraday Marconi Marx Maxwell Morton Pasteur Bell Rutherford Mendel Planck Lister Otto Stalin Freud Roentgen Lenin Ford Babbage Curie Gandhi Lincoln Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful. The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance will be considered. Applications and connections of science such as physics will be made as this period is better developed. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected. Darwin, Pasteur, Mendel and Lister lived during this period. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connectee. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Other Modern history

It is also only weakly connected to other modern history through the 16th century and 17th century. The 18th century including the early 17th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected.

Other 19th century history including the early 19th century and early mid 19th century can be considered. This period is a continuation of the mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s.

It is continued in the late 19th century. This period is discussed and analyzed in the 20th century, including in the Early 20th Century, early-mid 20th Century, mid 20th Century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The early 21st century including the early 200s, late 2000s, early 2010s, and late 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to studies of the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s.

Peoples of the world

Particular nations are useful. Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, Zambia can be considered.

Western civilization is important. Poland can be connected. New York City became the largest city in the United States.

Anglic peoples can be considered. The United Kingdom declined to interfere in the US Civil War but pursued the exploration of Africa and developed its own colonial Empire. Among Anglo-american peoples, the United States was divided by the Civil War and the following Reconstruction Era, and was afterward occupied with westward expansion.

I have few details for Latin peoples. Spain can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Among Italic peoples, in Italy, unification proceeded sufficiently that the Kingdom of Italy was establsihed. Among French peoples, In France Napoleon III abdicated, the Third republic was proclaimed, and France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war. Among Hispanic peoples, Argentina can be considered. Among Hispanic Mexican American peoples, the French attempted to set up a monarchy in Mexico, but this attempt was defeated. Among Hispanic Colombian American peoples, Colombia can be connected. Among Lusitanic peoples, I have no details for Brazil. Among Germanic peoples, Prussia defeated the Austrian empire and France, and proclaimed an empire called Germany. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia expanded into South Central Asia. I do not have details for Ukraine.

Asiatic civilization will also be connected as its peoples are better developed. Algeria can be connected. Delhi seems to have bcome the capital of British India. Among Middle Eastern peoples, Morocco can be connected.Turkey continued to lose territory in the Balkans. In Egypt, the Suez Canal was completed. The ruler of Egypt, who had overextended his resources, surrendered Egyptian shares in the canal to Great Britain. Persian peoples including those of Iran can be connected. South Asian peoples include India (beginning resentment of British rule). Pakistan was part of India. Bangladesh was part of India. Bombay became an important center for cotton export. Oriental peoples incude those of China (end of Taiping rebellion, weakened central government). In Japan, following the Meiji Restoration, Japanese began an intensive program of acquiring Western technology. Cities include Tokyo. I do not yet have details for South Korea. Cities such as Seoul were important. In Southeast Asia, Burma can be connected. In Mainland Southeast Asia, the French completed their conquest of Vietnam. Thailand remained independent. Among the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, I have no details for Indonesia (then known as the Dutch East Indies). The Philippines remained under Spanish rule.

African peoples can be considered. I do not yet have details of Kenya. In Eastern Africa, I have no details of Tanzania. Among Northern East African peoples, in Ethiopia the ruler offended the British, who came in and deposed him, but then left, and his successor had to resist Egyptian expansion. In Interior East Africa, I do not yet have details of Sudan. In Western Africa, in Nigeria, the British were setting up governmental structures. I do not have details for Southern Africa including South Africa. In Central Africa, I do not yet have details for Congo (DR)

American Indian peoples are significant. I have no details for Argentina Cities include Mexico City. Among Middle American Indian peoples, I do not yet have details for Mexico. The Southwestern American Indian peoples of the southwest United States can be connected. Among South American peoples, I lack details of Colombia. Among Amazonian peoples, I lack details of Brazil. North American Indians including those found in the United States (Civil War and reconstruction) can be considered. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Communities

[ Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta] can be used to help examine history.

Social structure and change

Social change including social change factors and processes can be noted. Particular changes including those of the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution and industrial revolution can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural peoples, agrarian, and industrial societes were developing. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be considered.

Institutions

Religion

Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, Secularism, and Pagan religion can also be considered. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented structure, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can also be discussed.

Government

Particular governments including local, national, and international government can be examined. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Government structure including parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical, tranportation, communications, and social and medical services can be connected. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be considered.

Education

Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and educational administration can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disastes, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment, living and dwelling, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected.

Material components such as industrial technology, buildings, and foodstuffs will also be discussed. Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medicines can be connected. Communications technology at electronic communication, writing, and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including air transportation, water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adormment, garments, and textiles can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and the effect of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion may be useful. Demography including birth, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography is important. Prominent individuals who lived during the late-mid 19th century include:

Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful. The human body including body systems, body functions, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance will be considered.

Applications and connections of science such as physics will be made as this period is better developed. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected. Darwin, Pasteur, Mendel and Lister lived during this period. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.

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