Late 19th Century


During these two decades, the increasing use and reliability of steamships, railroads, and advanced weaponry gave Europeans a significant technological advantage over other nations. China was nearly partitioned among European powers, and Subsaharan Africa was partitioned.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century Early 1880s Late 1880s Early 1890s Late 1890s

During these two decades, the increasing use and reliability of steamships, railroads, and advanced weaponry gave Europeans a significant technological advantage over other nations. China was nearly partitioned among European powers, and Subsaharan Africa was partitioned.

Early 1880s

The island of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) exploded.

c. 1880 CE Africa was partitioned among European colonial powers.

Late 1880s

Specific events are not yet identified

Early 1890s

The Japanese defeated China in the Sino-Japanese war.

1895 Roentgen discovers X-rays.

Late 1890s

The United States took possession of Puerto Rico and the Philippines following the Spanish-American war. In China, the Boxer Rebellion began.

1895 - 1900 Marconi invented wireless telegraphy (radio) and demonstrated its usefulness in communication with ships at sea.
1895 - 1898 Freud published work on psychoanalysis and dream interpretation.
1898 Curie successfully isolated two strongly radioactive elements, greatly advancing the study of radioactivity.
1900 Planck originated quantum theory.


Other history Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval history can be connected.
Other Modern history The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th centurh, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. Other developments of the 19th century can be connected. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, and mid 19th century can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s. They are reviewed in the 20th century and are continued in the early 20th century, as well as studied in the early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century and late 20th century, including in the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, and the early 21st century, including the early 2000s and late 2000s and early 2010s. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be used to examine the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1990s, and late 1990s. Institutions Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be used to examine the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s. Religion Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be followed. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented structure, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious beliefs can be considered. Religious practices can be considered. Government Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are important. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be considered. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected. Education Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be considered. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues will be important. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including disasters, gatherings, holidays, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication related, transportation related, building, and food related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysis, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including litarary works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, painting, printmaking, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medical technology can be connected. Communications technology including electronic communication, written communication, and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including air transportation, water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared food, preserved and processed foods, and raw foods can be connected. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, building components, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including advanced technology, utilities, machinery, weaponry, chemical technology, fuels, and tools can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups Wright Brothers American Academy of Arts and Sciences Royal Society Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Personal studies The biography list names prominent indivduals who lived at least partly in this period. Darwin Marx Edison Marconi Hitler Einstein Pasteur Bell Fleming Rutherford Mendel Planck Lister Otto Stalin Freud Roentgen Lenin Mao Ford Curie Gandhi Psychology including behavioral elements,mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful. The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Science Biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics can possibly be applied to the late 19th century. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum physics, relativity theory, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can possibly be applied.

Other history

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval history can be connected.

Other Modern history

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th centurh, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. Other developments of the 19th century can be connected. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, and mid 19th century can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s.

They are reviewed in the 20th century and are continued in the early 20th century, as well as studied in the early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century and late 20th century, including in the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, and the early 21st century, including the early 2000s and late 2000s and early 2010s.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be used to examine the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1990s, and late 1990s.

Institutions

Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be used to examine the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s.

Religion

Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be followed. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented structure, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious beliefs can be considered. Religious practices can be considered.

Government

Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are important. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be considered. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected.

Education

Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be considered. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues will be important. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including disasters, gatherings, holidays, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication related, transportation related, building, and food related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysis, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including litarary works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, painting, printmaking, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medical technology can be connected. Communications technology including electronic communication, written communication, and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including air transportation, water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared food, preserved and processed foods, and raw foods can be connected. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, building components, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including advanced technology, utilities, machinery, weaponry, chemical technology, fuels, and tools can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups

Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected.

Personal studies

The biography list names prominent indivduals who lived at least partly in this period.

Psychology including behavioral elements,mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful. The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected.

Science

Biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics can possibly be applied to the late 19th century.

Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum physics, relativity theory, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can possibly be applied.

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