Late 19th Century


During these two decades, the increasing use and reliability of steamships, railroads, and advanced weaponry gave Europeans a significant technological advantage over other nations. China was nearly partitioned among European powers, and Subsaharan Africa was partitioned.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

During these two decades, the increasing use and reliability of steamships, railroads, and advanced weaponry gave Europeans a significant technological advantage over other nations. China was nearly partitioned among European powers, and Subsaharan Africa was partitioned.

Early 1880s

The island of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) exploded.

c. 1880 CE Africa was partitioned among European colonial powers.

Late 1880s

Specific events are not yet identified

Early 1890s

The Japanese defeated China in the Sino-Japanese war.

1895 Roentgen discovers X-rays.

Late 1890s

The United States took possession of Puerto Rico and the Philippines following the Spanish-American war. In China, the Boxer Rebellion began.

1895 - 1900 Marconi invented wireless telegraphy (radio) and demonstrated its usefulness in communication with ships at sea.
1895 - 1898 Freud published work on psychoanalysis and dream interpretation.
1898 Curie successfully isolated two strongly radioactive elements, greatly advancing the study of radioactivity.
1900 Planck originated quantum theory.


Connections and applications of science including physics, chemistry, and astronomy will be included as the site develops. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.
Personal studies The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements,mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful. The biography list names prominent indivduals who lived at least partly in this period. Darwin Marx Edison Marconi Hitler Einstein Pasteur Bell Fleming Rutherford Mendel Planck Lister Otto Stalin Freud Roentgen Lenin Mao Ford Curie Gandhi Anthropology Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Particular groups can be considered. Culture Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, industrial technology, and other artifacts is significant. Conceptual culture such as language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be included. Behavioral culture such as customs, occupations, performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events will also be included. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, particular families are closely connected. Education including research, and teaching will also be discussed as this period is better developed. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues will be important. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be considered. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Economics can be considered. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and system behavior can be connected. Government is useful. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are important. Religion including beliefs, practices, organization is useful. Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be followed. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important in examining this period. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societes, agrarian societies, and industrial societies will be useful. Social change including social change factors will be useful. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction will be useful. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolutions can be considered. Communities are largely considered with the people they belong to. [ Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta] Peoples of the world are also vital. Details on particular nations can be considered. These include Thailand, France, Congo, UK, Italy, and South Korea. Western civilization was dominant. Germany joined in a movement to partition Africa. Cities include Sao Paulo. Anglic peoples can be considered. The United States continued to industrialize. Several monumental buildings and structures were erected. New York City was important. Among Latin peoples, the government of Mexico was hard and dictatorial. Mexico City was important. Among Lusitanic peoples, in Brazil slaves were emancipated, and the Imperial government of Brazil was overthrown and a republican-style government was created. Among Northeast European peoples, there was serious opposition to the autocratic rule of the government of Russia. Asiatic peoples were increasingly dominated by Western civilization. Iran was practically controlled by the British. Cities include Delhi. Among Middle Eastern peoples, The Ottoman empire of Turkey continued to lose territory and faced internal opposition. A nationalist movement in Egypt was suppressed, and the British tightened their control and forced the French out. In South Asia, in India there was some resentment of British rule. Pakistan sent delegates to the Indian National Congress. Bangladesh sent delegates to the Indian National Congress. Cities include Bombay. Oriental peoples had a mixed development. China was nearly conquered by Western nations) Japan defeated China in the Japan-china Ward. Cities such as Tokyo and Seoul can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. The Philippines came under American rule following the Spanish-American war. Vietnam continued under French rule. Explorations of Africa were beginning in earnest. In Ethiopia, the victor in a civil war had been backed by Italy, and although Italy attempted to take control, its forces were defeated and Ethiopia secured its independence. Among West African peoples, in Nigeria, the British established colonial boundaries. The American Indians were being conquered and increasingly submerged. I have no details on Mexico,. Cities include Mexico City. South American Indian peoples can be considered. I have no information on Brazil. North American Indian peoples can be considered. The United States has some examples. Other history This is only weakly connected to early developments through the classical and medieval history. It is also only weakly connected to modern history through the 18th century. The events in this period are a continuation of developments of the late-mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s. They are reviewed in the 20th century and are continued in the early 20th century, as well as studied in the late-mid 20th century and late 20th century, including in the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, and the early 21st century, including the early 2000s and late 200s

Connections and applications of science including physics, chemistry, and astronomy will be included as the site develops. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can be connected. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can be connected.

Personal studies

The human body including body systems, body function, human life cycle, disease, and form and appearance can be connected. Psychology including behavioral elements,mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology may be useful.

The biography list names prominent indivduals who lived at least partly in this period.

Anthropology

Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change may be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including the effects of the environment on people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Particular groups can be considered.

Culture

Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, industrial technology, and other artifacts is significant. Conceptual culture such as language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be included. Behavioral culture such as customs, occupations, performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events will also be included.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, particular families are closely connected. Education including research, and teaching will also be discussed as this period is better developed. Cultural institutions including museums, libraries, and performance venues will be important. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and administration can be considered. Schools including primary education, secondary education, and higher education can be connected. Economics can be considered. Economic activity including production, consumption, and distribution can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and system behavior can be connected. Government is useful. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be important. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are important. Religion including beliefs, practices, organization is useful. Particular traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion can be followed.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important in examining this period. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societes, agrarian societies, and industrial societies will be useful. Social change including social change factors will be useful. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction will be useful. Particular changes including the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolutions can be considered.

Communities are largely considered with the people they belong to. [ Los Angeles, Shanghai, Osaka, Cairo, Calcutta]

Peoples of the world are also vital. Details on particular nations can be considered. These include Thailand, France, Congo, UK, Italy, and South Korea.

Western civilization was dominant. Germany joined in a movement to partition Africa. Cities include Sao Paulo. Anglic peoples can be considered. The United States continued to industrialize. Several monumental buildings and structures were erected. New York City was important. Among Latin peoples, the government of Mexico was hard and dictatorial. Mexico City was important. Among Lusitanic peoples, in Brazil slaves were emancipated, and the Imperial government of Brazil was overthrown and a republican-style government was created. Among Northeast European peoples, there was serious opposition to the autocratic rule of the government of Russia.

Asiatic peoples were increasingly dominated by Western civilization. Iran was practically controlled by the British. Cities include Delhi. Among Middle Eastern peoples, The Ottoman empire of Turkey continued to lose territory and faced internal opposition. A nationalist movement in Egypt was suppressed, and the British tightened their control and forced the French out. In South Asia, in India there was some resentment of British rule. Pakistan sent delegates to the Indian National Congress. Bangladesh sent delegates to the Indian National Congress. Cities include Bombay. Oriental peoples had a mixed development. China was nearly conquered by Western nations) Japan defeated China in the Japan-china Ward. Cities such as Tokyo and Seoul can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples including those of Indonesia can be considered. The Philippines came under American rule following the Spanish-American war. Vietnam continued under French rule.

Explorations of Africa were beginning in earnest. In Ethiopia, the victor in a civil war had been backed by Italy, and although Italy attempted to take control, its forces were defeated and Ethiopia secured its independence. Among West African peoples, in Nigeria, the British established colonial boundaries.

The American Indians were being conquered and increasingly submerged. I have no details on Mexico,. Cities include Mexico City. South American Indian peoples can be considered. I have no information on Brazil. North American Indian peoples can be considered. The United States has some examples.

Other history

This is only weakly connected to early developments through the classical and medieval history. It is also only weakly connected to modern history through the 18th century. The events in this period are a continuation of developments of the late-mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s.

They are reviewed in the 20th century and are continued in the early 20th century, as well as studied in the late-mid 20th century and late 20th century, including in the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, and the early 21st century, including the early 2000s and late 200s

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