Early Mid 19th Century


The industrial revolution began to take hold as steam engines were increasingly used in factories and railroads began to be build in America and continental Europe. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence, leaving the British, French, and Dutch as the major European colonial powers.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

The industrial revolution began to take hold as steam engines were increasingly used in factories and railroads began to be build in America and continental Europe. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence, leaving the British, French, and Dutch as the major European colonial powers.

Early 1820s

c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations.
c 1821-1859 Faraday invents electric motor, discovers principles of dynamo (electric generator), and contributes to electrochemistry.
c. 1823 - c. 1840. Babbage designs automatic calculators, predecessors to digital computers.

Late 1820s

1830. Joseph Smith publishes the Book of Mormon and organizes a church.

Early 1830s

Late 1830s

c. 1839 Daguerre invents practical photographic process.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Connections to classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times are weak.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
Other Modern history This is also connected to the 16th, 17th, and 18th century. Other 19th century history including the early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and especially the late 1810s can be connected. It is followed by the mid 19th century, and the late-mid 19th and late 19th century. It is studied in the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are vital to understanding the early mid 19th century. Peoples of the world Information on nations such as Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, and Syria can be considered. Western civilization can be examined. I do not yet have details of Colombia. Cities include New York City (which became the largest city in the United States) Anglic peoples include the United Kingdom. Anglo-American peoples included the United States (which expanded toward the west). Among Latin peoples Italy was important. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). French peoples including France can be connected. Among Hispanic peoples, Mexico gained its independence. Lusitanic peoples include Brazil (Where part of the royal family returned to Portugal, and another part stayed to rule). Among Gemanic peoples, In Germany, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and the last Holy Roman emperor died. Northeast European peoples can be considered. Russia defeated Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia in various wars. Ukraine can be connected. Asiatic peoples are important. Burma can be considered. Cities including Seoul are also important. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. I do not yet have events of Turkey. In Egypt, the Ottoman commander sent to reassert control of Egypt rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. South Asian peoples include India (where the British expanded their rule). In Pakistan the Sikh kingdom expanded. British colonial power was more or less centered around Bangladesh Oriental peoples are significant, and include China (where the British began smuggling opium). Japan isolated itself from foreign influence. South Korea can be connected. Cities include Tokyo. Southeast Asia can be connected. I do not yet have details of Thailand. On the Southeast Asian mainland, The French began to take interest in Vietnam. Among the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, in Indonesia a treaty between the Dutch and english settled the boundaries of the Dutch East Indies. The Philippines were ruled by Spain. African peoples including nations such as South Africa can be considered. In East Africa, I do not yet have details of Ethiopia. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples including those of Congo (DR) can be connected. American Indian peoples include some peoples found in Colombia. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). Middle American Indian peoples including Mexico can be connected. Southwest American Indian peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indians include those of Brazil. North American Indians in the United States (which expanded toward the west) are significant. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Particular communities such as Bombay [The British began to construct engineering and reclamation works] Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai will be considered along with the peoples they belong to. Social structure and change Social change including factors of change, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered.Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional struction, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Institutions Religion Particular religions including Abrahamic reigion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are important. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be considered. Government Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior will be important. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communication industry, and commercial and financial services can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be connected. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communications occupation, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, and applied science can be connected. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, clothings, foodstuffs, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups can be followed to some extent. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can e examined. Demography including birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be connected. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group structure may be useful. Personal studies Biography is significant. Influential individuals who lived in this period include: Darwin Dalton Faraday Marx Maxwell Morton Napoleon Pasteur Beethoven Daguerre Bolivar Mendel Lister Otto Jefferson Jenner Malthus Babbage Lincoln Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems can be connected. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology may be applicable. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Connections to classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times are weak.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

Other Modern history

This is also connected to the 16th, 17th, and 18th century. Other 19th century history including the early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and especially the late 1810s can be connected.

It is followed by the mid 19th century, and the late-mid 19th and late 19th century. It is studied in the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change are vital to understanding the early mid 19th century.

Peoples of the world

Information on nations such as Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, and Syria can be considered.

Western civilization can be examined. I do not yet have details of Colombia. Cities include New York City (which became the largest city in the United States)

Anglic peoples include the United Kingdom. Anglo-American peoples included the United States (which expanded toward the west).

Among Latin peoples Italy was important. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). French peoples including France can be connected. Among Hispanic peoples, Mexico gained its independence. Lusitanic peoples include Brazil (Where part of the royal family returned to Portugal, and another part stayed to rule). Among Gemanic peoples, In Germany, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and the last Holy Roman emperor died. Northeast European peoples can be considered. Russia defeated Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia in various wars. Ukraine can be connected.

Asiatic peoples are important. Burma can be considered. Cities including Seoul are also important. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. I do not yet have events of Turkey. In Egypt, the Ottoman commander sent to reassert control of Egypt rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. South Asian peoples include India (where the British expanded their rule). In Pakistan the Sikh kingdom expanded. British colonial power was more or less centered around Bangladesh Oriental peoples are significant, and include China (where the British began smuggling opium). Japan isolated itself from foreign influence. South Korea can be connected. Cities include Tokyo. Southeast Asia can be connected. I do not yet have details of Thailand. On the Southeast Asian mainland, The French began to take interest in Vietnam. Among the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, in Indonesia a treaty between the Dutch and english settled the boundaries of the Dutch East Indies. The Philippines were ruled by Spain.

African peoples including nations such as South Africa can be considered. In East Africa, I do not yet have details of Ethiopia. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples including those of Congo (DR) can be connected.

American Indian peoples include some peoples found in Colombia. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). Middle American Indian peoples including Mexico can be connected. Southwest American Indian peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indians include those of Brazil. North American Indians in the United States (which expanded toward the west) are significant. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Particular communities such as Bombay [The British began to construct engineering and reclamation works] Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai will be considered along with the peoples they belong to.

Social structure and change

Social change including factors of change, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered.Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional struction, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Abrahamic reigion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are important. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be considered.

Government

Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior will be important. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communication industry, and commercial and financial services can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be connected.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communications occupation, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, and applied science can be connected. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected.

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, clothings, foodstuffs, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be followed to some extent. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can e examined. Demography including birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be connected. Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group structure may be useful.

Personal studies

Biography is significant. Influential individuals who lived in this period include:

Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems can be connected.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology may be applicable. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

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