Early Mid 19th Century


The industrial revolution began to take hold as steam engines were increasingly used in factories and railroads began to be build in America and continental Europe. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence, leaving the British, French, and Dutch as the major European colonial powers.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

The industrial revolution began to take hold as steam engines were increasingly used in factories and railroads began to be build in America and continental Europe. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence, leaving the British, French, and Dutch as the major European colonial powers.

Early 1820s

c 1821 - 1829 Spanish colonies in South America under Bolivar and others achieve independence but break up into separate nations.
c 1821-1859 Faraday invents electric motor, discovers principles of dynamo (electric generator), and contributes to electrochemistry.
c. 1823 - c. 1840. Babbage designs automatic calculators, predecessors to digital computers.

Late 1820s

1830. Joseph Smith publishes the Book of Mormon and organizes a church.

Early 1830s

Late 1830s

c. 1839 Daguerre invents practical photographic process.


Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology is somewhat connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
Personal studies including the human body are also connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography is also significant, and influential individuals who lived in this period include: Darwin Dalton Faraday Marx Maxwell Morton Napoleon Pasteur Beethoven Daguerre Bolivar Mendel Lister Otto Jefferson Jenner Malthus Babbage Lincoln Anthropology Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group structure may be useful. Demography including birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can e examined. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Particular groups can be followed to some extent. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, clothings, foodstuffs, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be important. Economics will be important. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communication industry, and commercial and financial services can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior will be important. Government can be considered. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious belief, practice, and organization can be considered. Particular religions including Abrahamic reigion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are important. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional struction, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including factors of change, social change processes, and particular changes will be important. Particular communities such as Bombay [The British began to construct engineering and reclamation works] Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai will be considered along with the peoples they belong to. Peoples of the world, are vital to understanding this period of history. Information on nations such as Ethiopia, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France can be considered. Western civilization can be examined. In Germany, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and the last Holy Roman emperor died. Cities include New York City (which became the largest city in the United States) Anglic peoples include the United States (which expanded toward the west). Among Latin peoples Mexico gained its independence. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). Lusitanic peoples include Brazil (Where part of the royal family returned to Portugal, and another part stayed to rule). Northeast European peoples can be considered. Russia defeated Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia in various wars. Asiatic peoples are important. In Egypt, the Ottoman commander sent to reassert control of Egypt rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. Cities including Seoul are also important. South Asian peoples include India (where the British expanded their rule). In Pakistan the Sikh kingdom expanded. British colonial power was more or less centered around Bangladesh Oriental peoples are significant, and include China (where the British began smuggling opium). Japan isolated itself from foreign influence. Cities include Tokyo. Southeast Asia includes Indonesia (where a treaty between the Dutch and english settled the boundaries of the Dutch East Indies). The Philippines were ruled by Spain. The French began to take interest in Vietnam. African peoples including nations such as Nigeria can be considered. American Indian peoples include some peoples found in Mexico. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). South American Indians include those of Brazil. North American Indians in the United States (which expanded toward the west) are significant. Other History Connections to other history through classical and medieval times are weak. This is also connected to the 16th, 17th, and 18th century and to the early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and especially the late 1810s. It is followed by the mid 19th century, and the late-mid 19th and late 19th century. It is studied in the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and the early 21st century and will be examined in the future.

Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology is somewhat connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

Personal studies including the human body are also connected. Psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology can be connected. Biography is also significant, and influential individuals who lived in this period include:

Anthropology

Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group structure may be useful. Demography including birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can e examined. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Particular groups can be followed to some extent.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, clothings, foodstuffs, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools will be important. Economics will be important. Economic activity including production, distribution, and consumption can be connected. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communication industry, and commercial and financial services can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior will be important. Government can be considered. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be considered. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious belief, practice, and organization can be considered. Particular religions including Abrahamic reigion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are important.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional struction, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including factors of change, social change processes, and particular changes will be important.

Particular communities such as Bombay [The British began to construct engineering and reclamation works] Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai will be considered along with the peoples they belong to.

Peoples of the world, are vital to understanding this period of history. Information on nations such as Ethiopia, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France can be considered.

Western civilization can be examined. In Germany, Prussia began working to unify the small states, and the last Holy Roman emperor died. Cities include New York City (which became the largest city in the United States) Anglic peoples include the United States (which expanded toward the west). Among Latin peoples Mexico gained its independence. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). Lusitanic peoples include Brazil (Where part of the royal family returned to Portugal, and another part stayed to rule). Northeast European peoples can be considered. Russia defeated Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia in various wars.

Asiatic peoples are important. In Egypt, the Ottoman commander sent to reassert control of Egypt rebelled and demanded the right to rule Syria as well. Cities including Seoul are also important. South Asian peoples include India (where the British expanded their rule). In Pakistan the Sikh kingdom expanded. British colonial power was more or less centered around Bangladesh Oriental peoples are significant, and include China (where the British began smuggling opium). Japan isolated itself from foreign influence. Cities include Tokyo. Southeast Asia includes Indonesia (where a treaty between the Dutch and english settled the boundaries of the Dutch East Indies). The Philippines were ruled by Spain. The French began to take interest in Vietnam.

African peoples including nations such as Nigeria can be considered.

American Indian peoples include some peoples found in Mexico. Cities include Mexico City (which became the capital of Mexico). South American Indians include those of Brazil. North American Indians in the United States (which expanded toward the west) are significant.

Other History

Connections to other history through classical and medieval times are weak. This is also connected to the 16th, 17th, and 18th century and to the early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and especially the late 1810s.

It is followed by the mid 19th century, and the late-mid 19th and late 19th century. It is studied in the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and the early 21st century and will be examined in the future.

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