Early 19th Century


The industrial revolution continued as steam engines and factories began to develop in Britain. The Napoleonic wars resulted in a great political realignment of Europe and the various European colonies elsewhere in the world.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 19th Century

The industrial revolution continued as steam engines and factories began to develop in Britain. The Napoleonic wars resulted in a great political realignment of Europe and the various European colonies elsewhere in the world.

Early 1800s

1794 - 1824 Beethoven composes music known for its exceptional merit.
1799-1815 CE. Napoleon becomes emperor of France and attempts to conquer Europe, but is defeated. Various colonial posessions change hands.
1801 - 1803 Jefferson as 3rd president of US purchases large section of North America from Napoleon and orders its exploration.
c. 1803 - 1810 Dalton proposes atomic theory of matter

Late 1800s

c 1808 - 1820. Bolivar becomes a leader in the South American independence movement.

Early 1810s

Late 1810s


This is so far only weakly connected to science, although physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology all developed substantially.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
Personal studies including the human body and psychology has somewhat limited application. Biography will be more directly useful. Darwin Watt Faraday Marx Dalton Napoleon Morton Beethoven Daguerre Bolivar Jefferson Jenner Malthus Babbage Lincoln Anthropology Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population structure, and population change can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be examined. Human ecology inlcuding the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Particular groups can be connected. Culture Material culture including Industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communicaiton technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied scence, and philosophy will be useful. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be important. Education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Economics including economic activity can be examined. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communications industry, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic systems including firms, networks, types of systems, and system behavior can be connected. Government will be useful. Law including tribal law, Asian law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systms, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including beliefs and practice will be valuable. Religious organization can be connected. Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are especially important. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types can be considered. Social change including social change factors and processes and particular changes can be identified. Communities such as New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are highly significant. Peoples can be considered. Particular nations such as are essential in developing these. Egypt, Ethiopia, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France can be considered. Western civilization is important. In Germany, part of it was Prussia, which had been defeated by Napoleon, part of it was under the rule of Austria, and part of it was a patchwork of small states. Cities include Mexico City. Anglic peoples included the United States (which expanded considerably with the Louisiana purchase) Latin peoples are important. In Mexico, various revolutionary movements had begun. Among Lusitanic peoples, the Portuguese monarchy went to Brazil to escape Napoleon. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia was invaded by Napoleon, who met with complete disaster. Russia was also engated in conflicts in Scandinavia and with the Persia and the Ottoman empire.. Asiatic peoples are significant. Vietnam was united under the Nguyen dynasty. Cities including Seoul are significant. Among South Asian peoples, in India the British East India company expanded its influence, and the French were expelled. Pakistan gained independence from the Afghans as the Sikh kingdom. British power was more or less centered near Bangladesh. Oriental peoples are significant. China experienced an influx of Western traders and missionaries. Japan was isolationist. Cities include Tokyo (no details). Southeast Asia can be considered. In Indonesia, the British briefly gained control, but returned it to Dutch rule. The Philippines were under Spanish rule. African peoples including those of Nigeria are less well known. American Indian peoples including Mexico can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Among South American peoples, the Portuguese monarchy went to Brazil to escape Napoleon. Among North American peoples, the United States (which expanded considerably with the Louisiana purchase) can be considered. Other History Prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval history are of little direct use. The 16th and 17th centuries are also of not much use, but the 18th century is connected, and particularly the late 18th century including the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, and late 1790s. This is followed by the early mid 19th century, and by the mid 19th, late-mid 19th, and late 19th century. It is also studied in the 20th century. The future is also worth some attention.

This is so far only weakly connected to science, although physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology all developed substantially.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

Personal studies including the human body and psychology has somewhat limited application.

Biography will be more directly useful.

Anthropology

Social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, group types, and group behavior can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population structure, and population change can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be examined. Human ecology inlcuding the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Particular groups can be connected.

Culture

Material culture including Industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communicaiton technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied scence, and philosophy will be useful. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be important. Education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be important. Economics including economic activity can be examined. Industries including companies, agriculture, extraction and manufacturing, building and construction, social and medical services, transportation industry, communications industry, and commercial and financial services will be important. Economic systems including firms, networks, types of systems, and system behavior can be connected. Government will be useful. Law including tribal law, Asian law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systms, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including beliefs and practice will be valuable. Religious organization can be connected. Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion are especially important.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial types can be considered. Social change including social change factors and processes and particular changes can be identified.

Communities such as New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are highly significant.

Peoples can be considered. Particular nations such as are essential in developing these. Egypt, Ethiopia, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France can be considered.

Western civilization is important. In Germany, part of it was Prussia, which had been defeated by Napoleon, part of it was under the rule of Austria, and part of it was a patchwork of small states. Cities include Mexico City. Anglic peoples included the United States (which expanded considerably with the Louisiana purchase) Latin peoples are important. In Mexico, various revolutionary movements had begun. Among Lusitanic peoples, the Portuguese monarchy went to Brazil to escape Napoleon. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia was invaded by Napoleon, who met with complete disaster. Russia was also engated in conflicts in Scandinavia and with the Persia and the Ottoman empire..

Asiatic peoples are significant. Vietnam was united under the Nguyen dynasty. Cities including Seoul are significant. Among South Asian peoples, in India the British East India company expanded its influence, and the French were expelled. Pakistan gained independence from the Afghans as the Sikh kingdom. British power was more or less centered near Bangladesh. Oriental peoples are significant. China experienced an influx of Western traders and missionaries. Japan was isolationist. Cities include Tokyo (no details). Southeast Asia can be considered. In Indonesia, the British briefly gained control, but returned it to Dutch rule. The Philippines were under Spanish rule.

African peoples including those of Nigeria are less well known.

American Indian peoples including Mexico can be considered. Cities include Mexico City. Among South American peoples, the Portuguese monarchy went to Brazil to escape Napoleon. Among North American peoples, the United States (which expanded considerably with the Louisiana purchase) can be considered.

Other History

Prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval history are of little direct use. The 16th and 17th centuries are also of not much use, but the 18th century is connected, and particularly the late 18th century including the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, and late 1790s.

This is followed by the early mid 19th century, and by the mid 19th, late-mid 19th, and late 19th century. It is also studied in the 20th century. The future is also worth some attention.

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