Mid 18th Century


The industrial Revolution began with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British won control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

The industrial Revolution began with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British won control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.

Early 1740s

Voltaire was a noted author and social critic in this period. Euler was a particularly prolific and influential mathematician. Franklin worked as a printer, inventor, civic leader.

Late 1740s

Voltaire continued as a noted author and social critic in this period. Euler continued as aprolific and influential mathematician. Franklin worked as a printer, inventor, and civic leader.

Early 1750s

Euler continued his work in mathematics. Voltaire continued writing. Rousseau introduced influential ideas in political philosophy. Franklin became more involved as an inventor and civilc leader.

Late 1750s

Euler continued his work in mathematics. Voltaire continued writing. Rousseau introduced influential ideas in political philosophy. Franklin became more involved as an inventor and civilc leader.


Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected. Personal studies including the human body and psychology will be useful. biography will be more directly useful. Particular individuals who lived during this period include: Lavoisier Watt Adam Smith Washington Jefferson Jenner Bach Voltaire Euler Rousseau Franklin
Anthropology including social foundations and demography will also be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocianic geography can be connected. Particular groups can also be connected. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, commuication technology, and other artifacts will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be used to examine this period. Government including law will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legistlative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international governments can be connected. Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization will be important. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic, religion, Pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected. Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be considered. Peoples are highly significant. Particular nations can be examined. The Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined. Western Civilization was important. Mexico grew slowly. Among Anglic peoples is incuded United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Among Latin peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia consolidated its various conquests. Asiatic peoples can be considered. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples. In India the British and French struggled for overall control of the contury, with the British succeeding. Pakistan was conquered by what is now Afganistan. In Bangladesh, the native Bengali rulers attacked the British. Among Oriental peoples, China (where the empire was strong and prosperous) can be considered. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Indonesia was under Dutch rule by way of the VOC. African peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details for Nigeria in this period. American Indian peoples were also important. Mexico grew slowly. Among South American Indian peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, there were those found in the United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Other History Other periods of history through classical and medieval times are remote. Other areas of modern history through the 17th century can be considered. This is preceded by the early 18th century and early mid 18th century. It is followed by the late-mid 18th century and late 19th century. This is part of the 18th century, and is followed by events of the 19th century and 20th century.

Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected. Personal studies including the human body and psychology will be useful. biography will be more directly useful. Particular individuals who lived during this period include:

Lavoisier
Watt
Adam Smith
Washington
Jefferson
Jenner
Bach
Voltaire
Euler
Rousseau
Franklin

Anthropology including social foundations and demography will also be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocianic geography can be connected. Particular groups can also be connected.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, commuication technology, and other artifacts will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be used to examine this period. Government including law will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legistlative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international governments can be connected. Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization will be important. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic, religion, Pagan religion, and secularism can be considered.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected.

Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be considered.

Peoples are highly significant. Particular nations can be examined. The Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined.

Western Civilization was important. Mexico grew slowly. Among Anglic peoples is incuded United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Among Latin peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia consolidated its various conquests.

Asiatic peoples can be considered. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples. In India the British and French struggled for overall control of the contury, with the British succeeding. Pakistan was conquered by what is now Afganistan. In Bangladesh, the native Bengali rulers attacked the British. Among Oriental peoples, China (where the empire was strong and prosperous) can be considered. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Indonesia was under Dutch rule by way of the VOC.

African peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details for Nigeria in this period.

American Indian peoples were also important. Mexico grew slowly. Among South American Indian peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, there were those found in the United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies).

Other History

Other periods of history through classical and medieval times are remote. Other areas of modern history through the 17th century can be considered. This is preceded by the early 18th century and early mid 18th century.

It is followed by the late-mid 18th century and late 19th century. This is part of the 18th century, and is followed by events of the 19th century and 20th century.

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