Mid 18th Century


The industrial Revolution began with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British won control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

The industrial Revolution began with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British won control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.

Early 1740s

Voltaire was a noted author and social critic in this period. Euler was a particularly prolific and influential mathematician. Franklin worked as a printer, inventor, civic leader.

Late 1740s

Voltaire continued as a noted author and social critic in this period. Euler continued as aprolific and influential mathematician. Franklin worked as a printer, inventor, and civic leader.

Early 1750s

Euler continued his work in mathematics. Voltaire continued writing. Rousseau introduced influential ideas in political philosophy. Franklin became more involved as an inventor and civilc leader.

Late 1750s

Euler continued his work in mathematics. Voltaire continued writing. Rousseau introduced influential ideas in political philosophy. Franklin became more involved as an inventor and civilc leader.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.
Other modern history The 16th century and 17th century can be considered. This is part of the 18th century. This is preceded by the early 18th century and early mid 18th century. It is followed by the late-mid 18th century and late 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples are highly significant. Particular nations can be examined. The Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined. Western Civilization was important. Mexico grew slowly. Among Anglic peoples is incuded United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Among Latin peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia consolidated its various conquests. Asiatic peoples can be considered. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples. In India the British and French struggled for overall control of the contury, with the British succeeding. Pakistan was conquered by what is now Afganistan. In Bangladesh, the native Bengali rulers attacked the British. Among Oriental peoples, China (where the empire was strong and prosperous) can be considered. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Indonesia was under Dutch rule by way of the VOC. African peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details for Nigeria in this period. American Indian peoples were also important. Mexico grew slowly. Among South American Indian peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, there were those found in the United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be considered. Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected. Institutions Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization will be important. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic, religion, Pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Government including law will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legistlative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international governments can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be used to examine this period. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, commuication technology, and other artifacts will be important. Anthropology Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be applied to studies of the mid 18th century. Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be considered. Personal studies Biography will be useful. Particular individuals who lived during this period include: Lavoisier Watt Adam Smith Washington Jefferson Jenner Bach Voltaire Euler Rousseau Franklin Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics incuding the structure of matter, modern physics, electromatnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Other modern history

The 16th century and 17th century can be considered. This is part of the 18th century. This is preceded by the early 18th century and early mid 18th century.

It is followed by the late-mid 18th century and late 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples are highly significant. Particular nations can be examined. The Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined.

Western Civilization was important. Mexico grew slowly. Among Anglic peoples is incuded United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies). Among Latin peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia consolidated its various conquests.

Asiatic peoples can be considered. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples. In India the British and French struggled for overall control of the contury, with the British succeeding. Pakistan was conquered by what is now Afganistan. In Bangladesh, the native Bengali rulers attacked the British. Among Oriental peoples, China (where the empire was strong and prosperous) can be considered. Among Southeast Asian peoples, Indonesia was under Dutch rule by way of the VOC.

African peoples can be connected. I do not yet have details for Nigeria in this period.

American Indian peoples were also important. Mexico grew slowly. Among South American Indian peoples, Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, there were those found in the United States (where French and Indian wars were fought among the American colonies).

Communities including Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can be considered.

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization will be important. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic, religion, Pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Government including law will be important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legistlative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be considered. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international governments can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be used to examine this period. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will also be useful.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, commuication technology, and other artifacts will be important.

Anthropology

Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be applied to studies of the mid 18th century.

Particular groups can be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be considered.

Personal studies

Biography will be useful. Particular individuals who lived during this period include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics incuding the structure of matter, modern physics, electromatnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

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