Late-mid 18th Century


The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.

Early 1760s

1765-1794. Watt makes revolutionary improvements in the steam engine.

Late 1760s

Early 1770s

1775-1783 American Revolution, or War of Independence. English colonies in North America.

1772-1789 Lavoisier's experiments and theories found modern chemistry.

Late 1770s

North American colonies declare independence from Great Britain (declaration authored by Jefferson in 1776). American Revolutionary war continues with Washington as commander-in-chief. Franklin participates in successful negotiatiations for French assistance.

1776 Adam Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations", an examination of free market-based economics.


Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected. Personal studies including the human body and psychology can be connected. Biography will be more directly useful. Particular individuals of note include: Lavoisier Watt Adam Smith Washington Dalton Napoleon Beethoven Jefferson Jenner Voltaire Euler Rousseau Malthus Franklin	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Anthropology including social foundations will also be useful. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including effects of the environment with people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be important.Particular groups can be considered. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, communication technology, transportation technology, and other artifacts will be very important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be considered. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Economics including activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government is important. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations is important. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be useful. Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change processes, social change factors, and particular changes can be connected. Communities such as Seoul, Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are important. Peoples of the world are vital in examining this period. Particular nations such as Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be involved in examining peoples including African peoples. Western civilization can be examined. Mexico expanded its holdings by founding San Francisco in California. It also fought the Ottoman empire. Anglic peoples include the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain). Latin peoples include Brazil, which remained a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia took some territory from Poland. Asiatic peoples are significant, I do not yet have siginifcant details for the Philippines or cities including Tokyo. Among South Asian peoples, India (where the British took control of the Bengal region from the Mughal Empire) was dominant. Pakistan was mostly under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was conquered by British trooops, and in effect ceded by the Mughal empire. Oriental peoples include China (which was fairly prosperous) and Japan, which remained in feudal isolation. Among Southeast Asian peoples, there was Indonesia (which was governed by the Dutch through the VOC. African peoples can be considered. These include Nigeria, for which I do not have details at present. American Indian peoples found in Mexico can be considered. Among South American Indian peoples,Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain) can be considered. This is weakly connected to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history. Other areas of modern history can also be connected. through the 16th and 17th centuries. This is part of the 18th century, and is connected to earlier periods through the mid 18th century. It is followed by the late 18th century, 19th century and 20th century. Studies will continue in the future.

Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected.

Personal studies including the human body and psychology can be connected. Biography will be more directly useful. Particular individuals of note include:

Lavoisier
Watt
Adam Smith
Washington
Dalton
Napoleon
Beethoven
Jefferson
Jenner
Voltaire
Euler
Rousseau
Malthus
Franklin

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Anthropology including social foundations will also be useful. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including effects of the environment with people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be important.Particular groups can be considered.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, communication technology, transportation technology, and other artifacts will be very important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be considered. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Economics including activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government is important. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations is important. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be useful. Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered.

Sociology

Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change processes, social change factors, and particular changes can be connected.

Communities such as Seoul, Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are important.

Peoples of the world are vital in examining this period. Particular nations such as Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia will be involved in examining peoples including African peoples.

Western civilization can be examined. Mexico expanded its holdings by founding San Francisco in California. It also fought the Ottoman empire. Anglic peoples include the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain). Latin peoples include Brazil, which remained a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia took some territory from Poland.

Asiatic peoples are significant, I do not yet have siginifcant details for the Philippines or cities including Tokyo. Among South Asian peoples, India (where the British took control of the Bengal region from the Mughal Empire) was dominant. Pakistan was mostly under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was conquered by British trooops, and in effect ceded by the Mughal empire. Oriental peoples include China (which was fairly prosperous) and Japan, which remained in feudal isolation. Among Southeast Asian peoples, there was Indonesia (which was governed by the Dutch through the VOC.

African peoples can be considered. These include Nigeria, for which I do not have details at present.

American Indian peoples found in Mexico can be considered. Among South American Indian peoples,Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain) can be considered.

This is weakly connected to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history. Other areas of modern history can also be connected. through the 16th and 17th centuries. This is part of the 18th century, and is connected to earlier periods through the mid 18th century.

It is followed by the late 18th century, 19th century and 20th century. Studies will continue in the future.

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