Late-mid 18th Century


The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.

Early 1760s

1765-1794. Watt makes revolutionary improvements in the steam engine.

Late 1760s

Early 1770s

1775-1783 American Revolution, or War of Independence. English colonies in North America.

1772-1789 Lavoisier's experiments and theories found modern chemistry.

Late 1770s

North American colonies declare independence from Great Britain (declaration authored by Jefferson in 1776). American Revolutionary war continues with Washington as commander-in-chief. Franklin participates in successful negotiatiations for French assistance.

1776 Adam Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations", an examination of free market-based economics.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available.
Other modern history The 16th and 17th centuries can be connected. Other 18th century history can be connected. This is connected to the early 18th century, early mid 19th century, and the mid 18th century. It is followed by the late 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world are vital in examining this period. Particular nations such as Turkey, Congo DR, Iran, Thailand France, UK, Italy, South Korea, Burma, Ukraine, Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, and Tanzania will be involved in examining peoples including African peoples. Western civilization can be examined. Germany can be connected. Anglic peoples include the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain). Latin peoples include Mexico expanded its holdings by founding San Francisco in California. Lusitanic peoples include Brazil, which remained a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia took some territory from Poland. It also fought the Ottoman empire. Asiatic peoples are significant, I do not yet have siginifcant details for Egypt or cities including Tokyo. Among South Asian peoples, India (where the British took control of the Bengal region from the Mughal Empire) was dominant. Pakistan was mostly under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was conquered by British troops, and in effect ceded by the Mughal empire. Oriental peoples include China (which was fairly prosperous) and Japan, which remained in feudal isolation. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no details for Vietnam. Among the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, there was Indonesia (which was governed by the Dutch through the VOC. The Philippines were ruled by the Spanish. African peoples can be considered. These include Ethiopia, for which I do not have details at present. West African peoples including Nigeria can be connected. American Indian peoples found in Mexico can be considered. Middle American peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be considered. Among South American Indian peoples,Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain) can be considered. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities such as Seoul, Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are important. Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change processes, social change factors, and particular changes can be connected. Institutions Religion Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Religious organization, religious practice, and religious beliefs will be useful. Government Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations is important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered. Economics including activities can be connected. Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms might be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building related, and food related industries can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be considered. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, communication technology, transportation technology, and other artifacts will be very important. Anthropology Particular groups can be considered.Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be important. Human ecology including effects of the environment with people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biography will be most directly useful. Particular individuals of note include: Lavoisier Watt Adam Smith Washington Dalton Napoleon Beethoven Jefferson Jenner Voltaire Euler Rousseau Malthus Franklin Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemcal substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum physics, relativity, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available.

Other modern history

The 16th and 17th centuries can be connected.

Other 18th century history can be connected. This is connected to the early 18th century, early mid 19th century, and the mid 18th century.

It is followed by the late 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, and late 20th century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2010s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world are vital in examining this period. Particular nations such as Turkey, Congo DR, Iran, Thailand France, UK, Italy, South Korea, Burma, Ukraine, Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, and Tanzania will be involved in examining peoples including African peoples.

Western civilization can be examined. Germany can be connected. Anglic peoples include the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain). Latin peoples include Mexico expanded its holdings by founding San Francisco in California. Lusitanic peoples include Brazil, which remained a Portuguese colony. Among Northeast European peoples, Russia took some territory from Poland. It also fought the Ottoman empire.

Asiatic peoples are significant, I do not yet have siginifcant details for Egypt or cities including Tokyo. Among South Asian peoples, India (where the British took control of the Bengal region from the Mughal Empire) was dominant. Pakistan was mostly under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was conquered by British troops, and in effect ceded by the Mughal empire. Oriental peoples include China (which was fairly prosperous) and Japan, which remained in feudal isolation. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no details for Vietnam. Among the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, there was Indonesia (which was governed by the Dutch through the VOC. The Philippines were ruled by the Spanish.

African peoples can be considered. These include Ethiopia, for which I do not have details at present. West African peoples including Nigeria can be connected.

American Indian peoples found in Mexico can be considered. Middle American peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be considered. Among South American Indian peoples,Brazil remained a Portuguese colony. Among North American Indian peoples, the United States (which declared its independence from Great Brtain) can be considered. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Communities such as Seoul, Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles are important.

Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including social change processes, social change factors, and particular changes can be connected.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Religious organization, religious practice, and religious beliefs will be useful.

Government

Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations is important. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and government forms can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and international law can be considered.

Economics including activities can be connected. Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms might be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building related, and food related industries can be connected.

Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be considered. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, communication technology, transportation technology, and other artifacts will be very important.

Anthropology

Particular groups can be considered.Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be important. Human ecology including effects of the environment with people, relations with other life, and effects of people on the environment can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography will be most directly useful. Particular individuals of note include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemcal substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, quantum physics, relativity, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.

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