Late 18th Century


American indepence from Great Britain began a new era in world history, and the industrial revolution began with development of the steam engine.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

American indepence from Great Britain began a new era in world history, and the industrial revolution began with development of the steam engine.

Early 1780s

American colonies were formally granted independence in 1783.

Late 1780s

Weakness of the US Articles of Confederation prompted formation of a new Constitution. Washington and Franklin participated in the process.

Early 1790s

1789 - 1797. Washington serves as first President of the United States.

Late 1790s

1796-1798 Jenner introduces vaccination as a means to prevent smallpox.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 4rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval history can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet available
Other Modern history This is weakly connected to other modern history through 16th century and the 17th century. Other 18th century This is preceded the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, and late mid 18th century. It is followed by the 19th century beginning with the early 19th century, and continuing with the early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2020s can be connected. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected. Sociology Peoples of the world Particular nations can be used to examine peoples. France, United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea, Burma, Ukraine, Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, and Nepal can be considered. Western civilization was particularly important. Germany can be connected. Anglic peoples were becoming more important. The United States was granted independence. Among Latin peoples, In Mexico, the town of Los Angeles was founded in California. Among Lusitanic peoples, I have little information on Brazil except that it remained a Portuguese colony. Northeast European peoples are significant. Russia fought with the Ottoman empire, took part of Poland, and expanded to about its present European borders. Asiatic peoples can be considered. Thailand can be connected. Cities including Seoul can be considered. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be considered. Among South Asian peoples, in India British peoples extended their rule to Southern India. Pakistan was under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was under British control. Oriental peoples can be examined. For Japan I have no information. Cities include Tokyo. In China, rebellions against the central government began to appear. Among Southeast Asian peoples, In Vietnam the country was divided into parts ruled by the Trinh dynasty in the north, the Tay Soh dynasty in the center, and the Nguyen dynasty in the south. Among Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, I have no details on Indonesia and the Philippines African peoples can be examined. I do not have many details for Congo (DR). East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be connected. Among American Indian peoples in Mexico the town of Los Angeles was founded in California. Middle American Indian peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be connected. For South American Indian peoples, I have little information on Brazil. Among North American Indian peoples the United States was granted independence, which prompted various changes in policy toward them. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities Communities such as Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles can be connected. Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including factors, processes, and particular changes will be useful. Institutions Religion Particular religions including Abrahamic, Asiatic, Pagan religion, and secularism can be examined. Religious organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected.Religious belief can be connected. Government Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government will be useful. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be connected. Economics Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including commerical and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and educational organization can be examined. Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful.
Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be highly important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be very important. Anthropology Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effects on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interactions, social control, group types, and group behavior might be useful. Personal studies Biography is very important. Particular individuals include: Faraday Lavoisier Watt Adam Smith Washington Dalton Napoleon Beethoven Daguerre Bolivar Jefferson Jenner Euler Rousseau Malthus Babbage Franklin Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 4rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval history can be connected.

Links to other sites: Not yet available

Other Modern history

This is weakly connected to other modern history through 16th century and the 17th century.

Other 18th century

This is preceded the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, and late mid 18th century.

It is followed by the 19th century beginning with the early 19th century, and continuing with the early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century can be connected. The early 21st century including the early 2000s, late 2000s, and early 2020s can be connected.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future can be connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world

Particular nations can be used to examine peoples. France, United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea, Burma, Ukraine, Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, and Nepal can be considered.

Western civilization was particularly important. Germany can be connected. Anglic peoples were becoming more important. The United States was granted independence. Among Latin peoples, In Mexico, the town of Los Angeles was founded in California. Among Lusitanic peoples, I have little information on Brazil except that it remained a Portuguese colony. Northeast European peoples are significant. Russia fought with the Ottoman empire, took part of Poland, and expanded to about its present European borders.

Asiatic peoples can be considered. Thailand can be connected. Cities including Seoul can be considered. In the Middle East, Iran can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be considered. Among South Asian peoples, in India British peoples extended their rule to Southern India. Pakistan was under Afghan rule. Bangladesh was under British control. Oriental peoples can be examined. For Japan I have no information. Cities include Tokyo. In China, rebellions against the central government began to appear. Among Southeast Asian peoples, In Vietnam the country was divided into parts ruled by the Trinh dynasty in the north, the Tay Soh dynasty in the center, and the Nguyen dynasty in the south. Among Southeast Asian Archipelagoes, I have no details on Indonesia and the Philippines

African peoples can be examined. I do not have many details for Congo (DR). East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. West African peoples including those of Nigeria can be connected.

Among American Indian peoples in Mexico the town of Los Angeles was founded in California. Middle American Indian peoples including those of the southwestern United States can be connected. For South American Indian peoples, I have little information on Brazil. Among North American Indian peoples the United States was granted independence, which prompted various changes in policy toward them. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Communities

Communities such as Mexico City, New York City, Bombay, Delhi, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles can be connected.

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be considered. Social change including factors, processes, and particular changes will be useful.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Abrahamic, Asiatic, Pagan religion, and secularism can be examined. Religious organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected.Religious belief can be connected.

Government

Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government will be useful. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations can be connected. Government structure including political parties and interest groups, judicial systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government can be connected. Law including tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior can be connected. Industries including commerical and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected.

Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and educational organization can be examined. Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected.

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be connected. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be highly important. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be very important.

Anthropology

Particular groups can also be connected. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effects on the environment can be connected. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be connected. Demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change will be useful. Social foundations including social presentation, social interactions, social control, group types, and group behavior might be useful.

Personal studies

Biography is very important. Particular individuals include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

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