Early Mid 18th Century


The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

The industrial Revolution begins with improvements in the steam engine by James Watt. British win control of North American from France, but the American Colonies declared their independence.

Early 1720s

Voltaire began to become noted as an author and social critic in this period.

Late 1720s

Voltaire continued as a noted author and social critic in this period. Euler began his work in mathematics. Franklin began working as a printer.

Early 1730s

Voltaire continued writing. Euler continued his work in mathematicics. Franklin was noted as a printer and publisher,

Late 1730s

Voltaire continued writing. Euler continued his work in mathematics. Franklin became more involved as an inventor and civilc leader.


Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected. Personal studies including the human body and psychology can be connected. biography will be more directly useful. Particular prominent indiiduals include: Leeuwenhoek Newton Watt Adam Smith Washington Bach Voltaire Euler Rousseau Peter I (the Great) Franklin
Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will also be useful. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human relations with the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Particular groups can be connected. Culture Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government including law and government structure will be useful. Government activities including sucession, administration, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be significant. Major religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered. Sociology Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular social changes and movements can be considered. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can also contribute. Peoples are highly significant. Peoples are being examined using nations. Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined. Western civilization will be important. In Russia, explorers reached the Bering sea, Russia strengthened its control of Poland, and reconquered territory from the Ottoman turks. Anglic peoples include those of what is now the United States (which did not yet exist, but the British colonies that later composed it did). Latin peoples including those of Brazil, which remained under Portuguese rule, can be connected. Asiatic peoples can be examined. Japan remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples, India, invasions from Afghanistan destroyed real power of the Mughal government. Pakistan was invaded by Afghan peoples. In Bangladesh the British contined to expand their presence. Among Oriental peoples, China was fairly strong and properous. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia was ruled by the Dutch. African peoples are important. For Nigeria I have no details at present. American Indian peoples as found in the United States and Brazil are important. History through classical and medieval times is weakly connected. Earlier modern history through the 17th century can be connected. This follows the early 18th century. It is followed by the mid 18th century. It is rather weakly connected to history including and past the 19th century. There are only weak connections to the future.

Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology can be connected. Personal studies including the human body and psychology can be connected. biography will be more directly useful. Particular prominent indiiduals include:

Leeuwenhoek
Newton
Watt
Adam Smith
Washington
Bach
Voltaire
Euler
Rousseau
Peter I (the Great)
Franklin

Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will also be useful. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relations with other life, and human relations with the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Particular groups can be connected.

Culture

Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be important. Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events can be considered.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be connected. Education including teaching, research, cultural institutions, educational organization, and schools can be connected. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Government including law and government structure will be useful. Government activities including sucession, administration, and state relations can be connected. Particular governments including local government, national government, and international government can be connected. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization will be significant. Major religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be considered.

Sociology

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be useful. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular social changes and movements can be considered.

Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City can also contribute. Peoples are highly significant. Peoples are being examined using nations. Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be examined.

Western civilization will be important. In Russia, explorers reached the Bering sea, Russia strengthened its control of Poland, and reconquered territory from the Ottoman turks. Anglic peoples include those of what is now the United States (which did not yet exist, but the British colonies that later composed it did). Latin peoples including those of Brazil, which remained under Portuguese rule, can be connected.

Asiatic peoples can be examined. Japan remained in feudal isolation. Among South Asian peoples, India, invasions from Afghanistan destroyed real power of the Mughal government. Pakistan was invaded by Afghan peoples. In Bangladesh the British contined to expand their presence. Among Oriental peoples, China was fairly strong and properous. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia was ruled by the Dutch.

African peoples are important. For Nigeria I have no details at present.

American Indian peoples as found in the United States and Brazil are important.

History through classical and medieval times is weakly connected. Earlier modern history through the 17th century can be connected. This follows the early 18th century.

It is followed by the mid 18th century. It is rather weakly connected to history including and past the 19th century. There are only weak connections to the future.

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