Early 18th Century


Introductory material	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History 18th Century

Introductory material

1700-1765 CE. European warfare extends to conflicts in and among colonies in Americas and Asia. The "Enlightenment", a scientific and philosphical movement, begins increasing skepticism regarding religious belief.
1701-1721. Peter the Great proclaims himself as tsar of Russia and pursues a modernization and expansion program intended to make Russia a major European and Asian power.
1703-1744. Bach composes music which is noted for its quality.

Early 1700s (1701-1705)

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Late 1700s (1706-1710)

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Early 1710s (1711-1715)

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Late 1710s (1716-1720)

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Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.	Sapience Home
Other modern history This follows the 16th century and the 17th century, particularly the late 17th century. Within the 18th century, it is followed by the early-mid 18th century and later periods. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century can be used to examine this period. The future including the near future, middle future, and far future is also weakly connected. Sociology Peoples of the world will be vital. Nations can be used to investigate this period. Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be considered. Western Civilization is significant. In Russia The Swedish invaded Russia and were badly defeated by Peter I, who was a vigorous reformer. Peter had lost some of its gains to the Ottoman empire, but took control of Poland and defeated Persians in battle. Anglic peoples include the United States which was still in its colonial period. Latin peoples including those of Brazil, which was a Porgutuese colony. Asiatic peoples include Bangladesh which was practically independent of the weakened Mighal empire. South Asian peoples include India where the Mughal empire weakened and granted important economic concessions to the British. Pakistan was invaded by Persia. Among Oriental peoples, China conquered Tibet. Southeast Asian peoples can be connected. Indonesia was under Dutch rule. African peoples including those of Nigeria and American Indian peoples including those of the United States and Brazil can be examined. Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be useful in investigating particular nations. Social structure and change Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be connected. Institutions Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization can be considered. Major religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism will be important. Government including law, government strucure, and government activity will be important. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government can be connected. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and schools can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be considered. Culture Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups may be useful. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of humans on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environent on people can be considered. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be considered. Demography including population change, population size, deaths, migration, and births can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biography can be connected. Prominent individuals include: Leeuwenhoek Newton Locke Bach Voltaire Euler Rousseau Peter I (the Great) Franklin Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems can be connected. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. Antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be connected. Classical and medieval times including early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval times can be connected.

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Other modern history

This follows the 16th century and the 17th century, particularly the late 17th century.

Within the 18th century, it is followed by the early-mid 18th century and later periods. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century, early mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century can be used to examine this period.

The future including the near future, middle future, and far future is also weakly connected.

Sociology

Peoples of the world will be vital. Nations can be used to investigate this period. Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, Egypt, and Ethiopia can be considered. Western Civilization is significant. In Russia The Swedish invaded Russia and were badly defeated by Peter I, who was a vigorous reformer. Peter had lost some of its gains to the Ottoman empire, but took control of Poland and defeated Persians in battle. Anglic peoples include the United States which was still in its colonial period. Latin peoples including those of Brazil, which was a Porgutuese colony. Asiatic peoples include Bangladesh which was practically independent of the weakened Mighal empire. South Asian peoples include India where the Mughal empire weakened and granted important economic concessions to the British. Pakistan was invaded by Persia. Among Oriental peoples, China conquered Tibet. Southeast Asian peoples can be connected. Indonesia was under Dutch rule. African peoples including those of Nigeria and American Indian peoples including those of the United States and Brazil can be examined.

Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City will be useful in investigating particular nations.

Social structure and change

Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure will be important. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including religious belief, religious practice, and religious organization can be considered. Major religious traditions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism will be important. Government including law, government strucure, and government activity will be important. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government can be connected. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems can be connected. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, and schools can be connected. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be considered.

Culture

Behavioral culture including customs, occupations, recreation and entertainment, and cultural events will be important. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy will be useful. Material culture including industrial technology, building technology, foodstuffs, clothing, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups may be useful. Human geography including European geography, Asian geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including effects of humans on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environent on people can be considered. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be considered. Demography including population change, population size, deaths, migration, and births can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography can be connected. Prominent individuals include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems can be connected.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can be connected. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be connected. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be connected. Physics including the structure of matter, modern physics, electromagnetism, thermodyanmics, and mechanics can be connected.