17th Century


The 17th century is noted for the increasing spread of European or Western civilization. This was a period of religious warfare in Europe, but of increasing expansion and exploitation of the rest of the world, which was becoming better and better known to European navigators. Contacts between Europeans and older asiatic powers became increasingly more numerous.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History Early 17th century Early-mid 17th century Mid 17th century Late-mid 17th century Late 17th century

The 17th century is noted for the increasing spread of European or Western civilization. This was a period of religious warfare in Europe, but of increasing expansion and exploitation of the rest of the world, which was becoming better and better known to European navigators. Contacts between Europeans and older asiatic powers became increasingly more numerous.

Early 17th century (1601-1620)

The first successful British colony in what became the United States was founded. The Ming dynasty in China was in decline.

Early-mid 17th century (1621-1640)

British colonies in the Americas expanded. The Ming dynasty in China was in decline.

Mid 17th century (1641-1660)

The English revolution occurred. British colonies in the Americas continued to grow. The Ming dynasty of China was overthrown and the Qing dnasty established.

Late-mid 17th century (1661-1680)

Newton began to revolutionize physics. The British colonies in the Americas continued to grow. The Mughal empire of India was especially prosperous.

Late 17th century (1681-1700)

The British colonies in the Americas continued to grow. Peter I the Great came to power in Russia.


This will include connections to science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology. Personal studies are not as useful so much for studies of the human body or psychology as for biography. Some prominent individuals who lived during the 17th century include: Shakespeare Galileo Newton Leeuwenhoek Cromwell Locke Descartes Harvey Bach Voltaire Kepler Peter (the Great) Bacon Elizabeth I	Links to other sites:Not yet included
Anthropology including social foundations and demography will be significant. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relationships with other life, and human impact on the environment will be useful. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography is important. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be significant. Particular groups will also be useful. Culture Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation, and other artifacts will be significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilies, and other artifacts can be identified. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods will be useful. Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking can be identified. Behavioral culture will be significant. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are useful. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, commucation, industrial, and service related occupations will also be significant. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, games, sand sports will be significant. Cultural events such as miscellenious events, disasters, fairs, and holidays will also be significant. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important. Economics including industries, economic systems, and companies can be considered. Economic activities including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered. Government including law and government organization can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. particular governments such as local, national and international will also be needed. International government included principally traditional empires and colonial empires. Religion is also useful. This further includes religious beliefs, practices, organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly organized types, and particular traditions, including Abrahamic religion such as Islam and Judaism. Within Christianity, there were continuing conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, though I know little about the Orthodox. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental beliefs was also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan relgion was present, but losting adherents. Secularist traditions were also present. Sociology Social structure and change is particularly vital. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is significant. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including factors of change and processes is also significant. Particular changes including the Agrarcultural revolution and Agrarian revolution can be considered. The Industrial revolution was far in the future. Communities are also needed. I lack details on London, Istanbul, and Lagos. Peoples of the world receive the greatest attention. These can be in part examined by looking at particular nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ I lack details on Poland, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan] Western civilization including Balkan and Scandinavian peoples are significant. I do not yet have details of Argentina, I lack details on Rio de Janeiro. Anglic peoples were significant. The UK founded colonies in North America, some of which later became the United States. New York City was founded. Latin peoples expanded considerably. The empire controlled by Spain was at its height. I lack details on the growth of Buenos Aires. Among Italic peoples, Italy was important within Europe. Among French peoples, France began an overseas colonization program in the Americas. Among Hispanic peoples Colombia was becoming important in Latin america. Mexico City served as a Spanish colonial capital. In Hispanic Mexican America, Mexico was a site of flourishing Spanish colonies). Among Lusitanic peoples is Brazil (Where Portuguese colonies were expanding). I lack details of Sao Paulo. Northeast Europeans include Russia,(which was expanding across central Asia and coming into conflict with the Ottoman empire). Ukraine was struggling with Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland. I lack details on the growth of Moscow. I have few details of Germanic peoples, except that in Germany, the Thirty Years War was fought. Asiatic peoples including Central Asia are also significant. I lack details for Myanmar. I lack details on Tehran. The Middle East includes nations such as Egypt. Turkey remained the seat of the Ottoman Empire. I lack details on Iran. I lack details on the development of Cairo. South Asian peoples including those of India (Where the Mughal empire reached its height), Bombay was founded as a modern city. I lack details on the development of Delhi. Calcutta was founded. Pakistan (Part of the Mughal empire) was significant. Bangladesh (Part of the Mughal empire) was also significant. I lack details on the growth of Dacca. Central Asia was partly dominated by Russia,(which was expanding across central Asia and coming into conflict with the Ottoman empire). Oriental peoples were important. I lack details on development of Beijing. Nations include China (where the Manchus overthrew the Ming dynasty). I lack details on the development of Shanghai Japan retreated into isolation from Western contact. Tokyo became the capital of the Shugunate. I lack details on the development of Osaka. I have no details for South Korea. I have no details for Seoul. Southeast Asia which includes such nations as Indonesia (Where the Dutch replaced the Portuguese), Jakarta was captured and renamed Batavia by the Dutch. The Philippines (which continued under Spanish rule) were important. Vietnam was significant. I lack details of Thailand. I lack details on the growth of Manila. African peoples are less well known. In Sudan, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar predominated. East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia are not well known. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria (for which I have no details) are also poorly known. In Southern Africa, particularly in South Africa, the Dutch began to colonize. Among Central African peoples, I lack details for Congo. American Indian peoples in what is now can also be examined. Argentina Mexico City served as a Spanish colonial capital. Meso-American peoples Mexico (The site of flourishing Spanish colonies)North American Indians include those of United States (which did not yet exist, but British colonies were in conflict with them). South American Indians include those of Brazil (Where Portuguese colonies were expanding) Colombia Other history Other areas of history are also significant. Classical and medieval history is not as important as the 16th century, which immediately precedes this. The 18th century follows it. It has also been studied in the 19th century including the early 19th, early mid 19th, mid 19th, late 19th, late mid 19th, and late 19th century. and the 20th century including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century, which includes the early 200s and late 2000s. It will also be examined in the future, including the near future, middle future, and late future.

This will include connections to science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology. Personal studies are not as useful so much for studies of the human body or psychology as for biography. Some prominent individuals who lived during the 17th century include:

Links to other sites:Not yet included

Anthropology including social foundations and demography will be significant. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, human dispersion can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people, relationships with other life, and human impact on the environment will be useful. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography is important. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be significant. Particular groups will also be useful.

Culture

Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation, and other artifacts will be significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machinery, utilies, and other artifacts can be identified. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods will be useful.

Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking can be identified.

Behavioral culture will be significant. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are useful. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, commucation, industrial, and service related occupations will also be significant. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, games, sand sports will be significant. Cultural events such as miscellenious events, disasters, fairs, and holidays will also be significant.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is important. Economics including industries, economic systems, and companies can be considered. Economic activities including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered. Government including law and government organization can be connected. Government activity including administration, succession, and state relations will be useful. particular governments such as local, national and international will also be needed. International government included principally traditional empires and colonial empires.

Religion is also useful. This further includes religious beliefs, practices, organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly organized types, and particular traditions, including Abrahamic religion such as Islam and Judaism. Within Christianity, there were continuing conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, though I know little about the Orthodox. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental beliefs was also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan relgion was present, but losting adherents. Secularist traditions were also present.

Sociology

Social structure and change is particularly vital. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, class structure, and community and regional structure is significant. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be considered. Social change including factors of change and processes is also significant. Particular changes including the Agrarcultural revolution and Agrarian revolution can be considered. The Industrial revolution was far in the future.

Communities are also needed. I lack details on London, Istanbul, and Lagos.

Peoples of the world receive the greatest attention. These can be in part examined by looking at particular nations, which are considered below under the peoples they belong to. [ I lack details on Poland, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan]

Western civilization including Balkan and Scandinavian peoples are significant. I do not yet have details of Argentina, I lack details on Rio de Janeiro. Anglic peoples were significant. The UK founded colonies in North America, some of which later became the United States. New York City was founded. Latin peoples expanded considerably. The empire controlled by Spain was at its height. I lack details on the growth of Buenos Aires. Among Italic peoples, Italy was important within Europe. Among French peoples, France began an overseas colonization program in the Americas. Among Hispanic peoples Colombia was becoming important in Latin america. Mexico City served as a Spanish colonial capital. In Hispanic Mexican America, Mexico was a site of flourishing Spanish colonies). Among Lusitanic peoples is Brazil (Where Portuguese colonies were expanding). I lack details of Sao Paulo. Northeast Europeans include Russia,(which was expanding across central Asia and coming into conflict with the Ottoman empire). Ukraine was struggling with Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland. I lack details on the growth of Moscow. I have few details of Germanic peoples, except that in Germany, the Thirty Years War was fought.

Asiatic peoples including Central Asia are also significant. I lack details for Myanmar. I lack details on Tehran. The Middle East includes nations such as Egypt. Turkey remained the seat of the Ottoman Empire. I lack details on Iran. I lack details on the development of Cairo. South Asian peoples including those of India (Where the Mughal empire reached its height), Bombay was founded as a modern city. I lack details on the development of Delhi. Calcutta was founded. Pakistan (Part of the Mughal empire) was significant. Bangladesh (Part of the Mughal empire) was also significant. I lack details on the growth of Dacca. Central Asia was partly dominated by Russia,(which was expanding across central Asia and coming into conflict with the Ottoman empire). Oriental peoples were important. I lack details on development of Beijing. Nations include China (where the Manchus overthrew the Ming dynasty). I lack details on the development of Shanghai Japan retreated into isolation from Western contact. Tokyo became the capital of the Shugunate. I lack details on the development of Osaka. I have no details for South Korea. I have no details for Seoul. Southeast Asia which includes such nations as Indonesia (Where the Dutch replaced the Portuguese), Jakarta was captured and renamed Batavia by the Dutch. The Philippines (which continued under Spanish rule) were important. Vietnam was significant. I lack details of Thailand. I lack details on the growth of Manila.

African peoples are less well known. In Sudan, the Funj empire or kingdom of Sinnar predominated. East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia are not well known. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria (for which I have no details) are also poorly known. In Southern Africa, particularly in South Africa, the Dutch began to colonize. Among Central African peoples, I lack details for Congo.

American Indian peoples in what is now can also be examined. Argentina Mexico City served as a Spanish colonial capital. Meso-American peoples Mexico (The site of flourishing Spanish colonies)North American Indians include those of United States (which did not yet exist, but British colonies were in conflict with them). South American Indians include those of Brazil (Where Portuguese colonies were expanding) Colombia

Other history

Other areas of history are also significant. Classical and medieval history is not as important as the 16th century, which immediately precedes this.

The 18th century follows it. It has also been studied in the 19th century including the early 19th, early mid 19th, mid 19th, late 19th, late mid 19th, and late 19th century. and the 20th century including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, late 20th century, and early 21st century, which includes the early 200s and late 2000s. It will also be examined in the future, including the near future, middle future, and late future.

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