16th Century


The 16th century is noted for the beginnings of the expansion of Western civilization. In Europe, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the opening of sea routes to India and China, and the discovery of the New World of the Americas changed the world.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History Early 16th century Early-mid 16th century Mid 16th century Late-mid 16th century Late 16th century

The 16th century is noted for the beginnings of the expansion of Western civilization. In Europe, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the opening of sea routes to India and China, and the discovery of the New World of the Americas changed the world.

Early 16th century (1501-1520)

The Portuguese established control of the Indian Ocean. The Spanich began their conquest of Mexico. Magellan's expedition was the first circumnavigation of the world. Martin Luther's work began the Protestant freformation.

Early-mid 16th century (1521-1540)

Da Gama made his third voyage to India. Pizarro began the conquest of Latin America. Calvin became a leading figure in the Reformation.

Mid 16th century (1541-1560)

Copernicus published his work on Heliocentric astronomy. Elizabeth I ascended to the throne of England

Late-mid 16th century (1561-1580)

Elizabeth confirmed England as a Protestant nation, in opposition to Spain as an important Catholic power.

Late 16th century (1581-1600)

Shakespeare began writing his plays.


Other history Prehistory Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillenium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.	Links to other sites: Not yet included
Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history Early classical times including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. The early medieval period including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. It is immediately preceded by late medieval history. The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, and 14th century can be connected. It is most directly connected to the 15th century. Other Modern history This century is followed by the 17th century, including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century. It has also been examined in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 19th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected. 20th century The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. It has been examined in the late 20th century including the early 1980s and late 1980s. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected. Early 21st century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008 can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected. Studies of it can be expected in the future. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future can be considered. Sociology This can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change. Institutions Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be applied to the 16th century. Religion Particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be applied to the 16th century. Particular traditions are also valuable. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism expanded during this period. Christianity split again, as the Protestant Reformation divided the Catholic church into Catholic and Protestant traditions. Orthodoxy progressed somewhat. Pagan religion including Asiatic pagan, European Pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion continued. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental traditions was also important. Secularist traditions are valuable. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured varieties, practices, and beliefs will be important. Government Particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be applied to the 16th century. Particular governments including local, national, and international can also be considered. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be considered. Government structure including forms of government, executive systems, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered. Economics Economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be applied to the 16th century. Economic systems including system behavior, system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and major divisions of commercial and financial industries, communications industries, transportation industries, social and medical services, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered. Education Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education might be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be considered. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be examined. Families Families are significant to the 16th century. Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs, and holidays can also be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is also useful. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication, industrial, and service related are significant. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are important. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including painting, drawing, and printmaking can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts including sculpture, toys, medicines, and musical instruments can be connected. Communications technology including graphic communication and written communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be considered. Clothing can be connected. Foodstuffs including acricultural products, preserved and processed foods, and prepared foods can be considered. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, furnishings, building components, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technoloogy is useful. Anthropology Particular groups I do not yet have articular groups dating to this period. Modern groups that examine this period include: World History Association Human geography European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, Eastern European geography, Central European geography, Northeast European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavinan geography can be connected. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. African geography including North African geography, West African geography, East African geography, North Central Africal geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North America, Middle North America, and Southern North American can be connected. South American geograpny can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology Human effects on the environment might be connected. Relations with other life can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected. Physical anthropology Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected. Demography Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected. Social foundations Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interaction can be connected. Social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biography Some prominent individuals who lived at least partly during the 16th century include: Columbus Copernicus Galileo Luther Shakespeare Cromwell Descartes Michelangelo Harvey Calvin Pizarro Cortez Isabella Kepler Machiavelli da Gama Bacon Elizabeth I Magellan da Vinci Psychology including mind and behavioral fundamentals might be connected. Social psychology can be connected. Personality can be connected. Mental disorders can be connected. Developmental psychology can be connected. Behavior patterns can be connected. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can possibly be applied. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be considered. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar stronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can possibly be connected.

Other history

Prehistory

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillenium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Links to other sites:
Not yet included

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected.

Classical and medieval history

Early classical times including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. The early medieval period including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. It is immediately preceded by late medieval history. The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, and 14th century can be connected. It is most directly connected to the 15th century.

Other Modern history

This century is followed by the 17th century, including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century. It has also been examined in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 19th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century.

The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, and late mid 19th century can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected.

20th century

The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected.

It has been examined in the late 20th century including the early 1980s and late 1980s. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008 can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected.

Studies of it can be expected in the future. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future can be considered.

Sociology

This can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.

Institutions

Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be applied to the 16th century.

Religion

Particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious belief can be applied to the 16th century.

Particular traditions are also valuable. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism expanded during this period. Christianity split again, as the Protestant Reformation divided the Catholic church into Catholic and Protestant traditions. Orthodoxy progressed somewhat. Pagan religion including Asiatic pagan, European Pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion continued. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental traditions was also important. Secularist traditions are valuable. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured varieties, practices, and beliefs will be important.

Government

Particular governments, government activity, government structure, and law can be applied to the 16th century.

Particular governments including local, national, and international can also be considered. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be considered. Government structure including forms of government, executive systems, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems, industries, and economic activity can be applied to the 16th century.

Economic systems including system behavior, system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and major divisions of commercial and financial industries, communications industries, transportation industries, social and medical services, building and construction, manufacturing and extraction, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered.

Education

Particular schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education might be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be considered. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be examined.

Families

Families are significant to the 16th century. Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs, and holidays can also be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is also useful. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication, industrial, and service related are significant. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are important.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including painting, drawing, and printmaking can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts including sculpture, toys, medicines, and musical instruments can be connected. Communications technology including graphic communication and written communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be considered. Clothing can be connected. Foodstuffs including acricultural products, preserved and processed foods, and prepared foods can be considered. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, furnishings, building components, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technoloogy is useful.

Anthropology

Particular groups

I do not yet have articular groups dating to this period. Modern groups that examine this period include:

World History Association

Human geography

European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, Eastern European geography, Central European geography, Northeast European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavinan geography can be connected. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. African geography including North African geography, West African geography, East African geography, North Central Africal geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North America, Middle North America, and Southern North American can be connected. South American geograpny can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected.

Human ecology

Human effects on the environment might be connected. Relations with other life can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected.

Physical anthropology

Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected.

Demography

Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected.

Social foundations

Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interaction can be connected. Social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biography

Some prominent individuals who lived at least partly during the 16th century include:

Psychology including mind and behavioral fundamentals might be connected. Social psychology can be connected. Personality can be connected. Mental disorders can be connected. Developmental psychology can be connected. Behavior patterns can be connected.

The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be connected.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology can possibly be applied. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be considered. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar stronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can possibly be connected.

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