16th Century


The 16th century is noted for the beginnings of the expansion of Western civilization. In Europe, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the opening of sea routes to India and China, and the discovery of the New World of the Americas changed the world.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Modern History Early 16th century Early-mid 16th century Mid 16th century Late-mid 16th century Late 16th century

The 16th century is noted for the beginnings of the expansion of Western civilization. In Europe, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the opening of sea routes to India and China, and the discovery of the New World of the Americas changed the world.

Early 16th century (1501-1520)

The Portuguese established control of the Indian Ocean. The Spanich began their conquest of Mexico. Magellan's expedition was the first circumnavigation of the world. Martin Luther's work began the Protestant freformation.

Early-mid 16th century (1521-1540)

Da Gama made his third voyage to India. Pizarro began the conquest of Latin America. Calvin became a leading figure in the Reformation.

Mid 16th century (1541-1560)

Copernicus published his work on Heliocentric astronomy. Elizabeth I ascended to the throne of England

Late-mid 16th century (1561-1580)

Elizabeth confirmed England as a Protestant nation, in opposition to Spain as an important Catholic power.

Late 16th century (1581-1600)

Shakespeare began writing his plays.


Other history The 16th Century is preceded by classical and medieval history, in particular late medieval history, and most directly by the 15th century. This century is followed by the 17th century, including the early 17th century. It has also been examined in the 18th century, 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 20th century. Also the 20th century, including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. Studies of it are conducted in the early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s. Studies of it can be expected in the future. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and the far future can be considered.	Links to other sites: Not yet included
Sociology This can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change. Institutions Religion, including is also needed. Particular traditions are also valuable. Pagan religion including Asiatic pagan, European Pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion continued. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism expanded during this period. Christianity split again, as the Protestant Reformation divided the Cathoic church into Catholic and Protestant traditions. Orthodoxy progressed somewhat. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental traditions was also important. Secularist traditions are valuable. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured varieties, practices, and beliefs will be important. Government including law, government activity, and government organization is also vital. Particular governments including local, national, and international can also be considered. Economics including industries, economic systems, and companies will be useful in examining this period. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be useful. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are significant to the 16th century. Culture Material culture such as clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, technology, and other artifacts are important. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technoloogy is useful. Foodstuffs including acricultural products, preserved and processed foods, and prepared foods can be considered. Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including painting, drawing, and printmaking can be examined. Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, and sports will also be important. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are important. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication, industrial, and service related are significant. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is also useful. Cultural events including miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs, and holidays can also be considered. Anthropology including social foundations and demography will also be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be considered. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effect on the environment is significant. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. Particular groups may be useful. Personal studies are useful, not so much for studies of the human body or psychology, but for biographies. Some prominent individuals who lived at least partly during the 16th century include: Columbus Copernicus Galileo Luther Shakespeare Cromwell Descartes Michelangelo Harvey Calvin Pizarro Cortez Isabella Kepler Machiavelli da Gama Bacon Elizabeth I Magellan da Vinci The 16th century is connected rather indirectly to science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Other history

The 16th Century is preceded by classical and medieval history, in particular late medieval history, and most directly by the 15th century.

This century is followed by the 17th century, including the early 17th century. It has also been examined in the 18th century, 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late-mid 19th century, and late 20th century. Also the 20th century, including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. Studies of it are conducted in the early 21st century including the early 2000s and late 2000s. Studies of it can be expected in the future. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and the far future can be considered.

Links to other sites:
Not yet included

Sociology

This can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.

Institutions

Religion, including is also needed. Particular traditions are also valuable. Pagan religion including Asiatic pagan, European Pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan religion continued. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism expanded during this period. Christianity split again, as the Protestant Reformation divided the Cathoic church into Catholic and Protestant traditions. Orthodoxy progressed somewhat. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental traditions was also important. Secularist traditions are valuable. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured varieties, practices, and beliefs will be important. Government including law, government activity, and government organization is also vital. Particular governments including local, national, and international can also be considered. Economics including industries, economic systems, and companies will be useful in examining this period. Economic activity including production, distribution and exchange, and consumption can be considered. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools will be useful. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are significant to the 16th century.

Culture

Material culture such as clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, technology, and other artifacts are important. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technoloogy is useful. Foodstuffs including acricultural products, preserved and processed foods, and prepared foods can be considered.

Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is also significant. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including painting, drawing, and printmaking can be examined.

Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, and sports will also be important. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are important. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation related, communication, industrial, and service related are significant. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports is also useful. Cultural events including miscellaneous events, disasters, fairs, and holidays can also be considered.

Anthropology including social foundations and demography will also be useful. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion can be considered. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relations with other life, and human effect on the environment is significant. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. Particular groups may be useful.

Personal studies are useful, not so much for studies of the human body or psychology, but for biographies. Some prominent individuals who lived at least partly during the 16th century include:

The 16th century is connected rather indirectly to science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology.

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