Late prehistory


This period will be divided into periods of about 500 years.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Prehistory

This period will be divided into periods of about 500 years.

8000 BC - 7500 BC

Herding and breeding of sheep and goats began in Iran, Agriculture began in Anatolia and Levant. Jericho was one of largest settlements.

7500 BC - 7000 BC

Agriculture began in Iran. Animal domestication began in Anatolia and Levant. Jericho was an important large settlement.

7000 BC - 6500 BC

Jericho was an important large settlement. Pottery appeared in Iran, weaving appeared.

6500 BC - 6000 BC

Jericho declined, CatalHuyuk became an important settlement.Farming began in Greece. Farming appeared in Southern Central Asia & north of Caucasus.

6000 BC - 5500 BC

Crete and Cyprus were settled. Farming began in Southeast Europe, at Halaf in Mesopotamia. Plant domestication began in Mesoamerica.

5500 BC - 5000 BC

Farming began in Italy and far southwest Europe, and along Nile River. Cattle and sheep herding began in eastern Africa. Farming began at Hassuna in Mesopotamia, irrigated farming at Samarra in southern Mesopotamia. Plant domestication continued in Mesoamerica.


Physical and natural science will be useful in studies of this period. Physics and chemistry are mostly indirectly useful. Astronomy is also rather indirectly useful. Connections to cosmology and galactic astronomy are less significant than collections to stellar astronomy and Solar system astronomy. Earth science is also useful. Geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography all have potential applications. Geohistory has some application, but Precambrian, Paleozic, and Mesozoic events can be overlooked: Only the Cenozoic is significant. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, organism biology, systematics and ecology are also somewhat useful. Biohistory has some application, but Precambrian, Paleozic, and Mesozoic live can be overlooked: Only the Cenozoic is significant.	Links to other sites: Not yet developed.
Personal studies including connections to psychology, and biography are less useful for this period than for later ones. The human body including body systems, body function, life cycle, diseaes, and form and apparance has some connection, and is useful in the study of human remains dated to this period. This will depend heavily on studies of anthropology including social foundations. Demography can be examined, and information on birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also useful. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of the environment on people can be examined. Human geography including Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania can also be examined. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, Ssouth Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. Particular groups may be useful. Culture Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, industrial technology, and other artifacts is increasingly evident and important in this period. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world may be somewhat useful. Behavioral culture including occupations, performing arts, and cultural events can also be examined. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs can be examined indirecltly from material evidence. Institutions The study of families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families is obscure. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and paticular schools is obscure, but would most likely have been informal and tied directly to culture and to families. Economics including economic activites, industries, and economic system can be examined to some extent. Government is also obscure, although there is increasing evidence of law, government structure and activity, though not much of particular governments. Religion can possibly be identified, although details of religious belief, practice, and organization are obscure. Particular religions are chiefly pagan. Sociology Social structure and change can be applied to this period to some extent. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be examined. Social types seem to have included hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and possibly the beginnings of agrarian societies. Social change including factors of change, processes of change, and particular changes can be examined. Few modern communities can be traced to this period. Peoples of the world can be examined. Particular nations may provide something of a guide. Congo, UK, Italy, South Korea. Asiatic peoples can be identified. Thailand is poorly known. Middle Eastern peoples were important. Some of the oldest remains of Neolithic culture are found in Iran. Turkey had various prehistoric settlements, notably Catalhuyuk. Predynastic peoples of Egypt can be identified. South Asian peoples are also not well known. There is some evidence of Neolithic culture in India in this period. There is an important neolithic settlement in Pakistan dating to this period. I have no information on Bangladesh in this period, except that is was presumably inhabited. Oriental peoples including those of China where evidence of neolithic cultures can be identified. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it was inhabited. I know nothing of Southeast Asia in this period. I know nothing of Indonesia in this period. I know nothing of the Philippines. I know nothing of Vietnam. The roots of Western civilization are obscure. Archeological sequences in France are used as a basis for comparison of other nations. The roots of Northeastern European peoples are obscure. I have no information on Russia during this period, expect that it was presumably inhabited. I have no information on Germanic peoples including those of Germany It may be possible to recognize the roots of African peoples. I have no information on Ethiopia for this period. I have no information on West African peoples including Nigeria during this period. American Indian peoples can be followed with difficulty. I have no information on Mexico. For South American peoples, I know nothing of Brazil in this period. Remains of North American Indian peoples can be found in the present-day United States. Other History Within the general topic of prehistory, this is preceded by middle prehistory. It is followed by antiquity, particularly the 5th millennium BC, and classical and medieval history. Modern history is the most easily applicable. Views based on classical and biblical scholarship prevailed in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, archaeological discoveries related to this period began to take place, and have developed throughout the 20th century, though at present I lack details on for the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The future of these studies is obscure.

Physical and natural science will be useful in studies of this period. Physics and chemistry are mostly indirectly useful. Astronomy is also rather indirectly useful. Connections to cosmology and galactic astronomy are less significant than collections to stellar astronomy and Solar system astronomy. Earth science is also useful. Geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography all have potential applications. Geohistory has some application, but Precambrian, Paleozic, and Mesozoic events can be overlooked: Only the Cenozoic is significant. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, organism biology, systematics and ecology are also somewhat useful. Biohistory has some application, but Precambrian, Paleozic, and Mesozoic live can be overlooked: Only the Cenozoic is significant.

Links to other sites: Not yet developed.

Personal studies including connections to psychology, and biography are less useful for this period than for later ones. The human body including body systems, body function, life cycle, diseaes, and form and apparance has some connection, and is useful in the study of human remains dated to this period.

This will depend heavily on studies of anthropology including social foundations. Demography can be examined, and information on birth, death, migration, population size and structure, and population change can be considered. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also useful. Human ecology including the influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of the environment on people can be examined. Human geography including Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania can also be examined. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, Ssouth Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia will be useful. Particular groups may be useful.

Culture

Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, industrial technology, and other artifacts is increasingly evident and important in this period. Conceptual culture including language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be connected Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world may be somewhat useful. Behavioral culture including occupations, performing arts, and cultural events can also be examined. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs can be examined indirecltly from material evidence.

Institutions

The study of families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families is obscure. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and paticular schools is obscure, but would most likely have been informal and tied directly to culture and to families. Economics including economic activites, industries, and economic system can be examined to some extent. Government is also obscure, although there is increasing evidence of law, government structure and activity, though not much of particular governments. Religion can possibly be identified, although details of religious belief, practice, and organization are obscure. Particular religions are chiefly pagan.

Sociology

Social structure and change can be applied to this period to some extent. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be examined. Social types seem to have included hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and possibly the beginnings of agrarian societies. Social change including factors of change, processes of change, and particular changes can be examined. Few modern communities can be traced to this period. Peoples of the world can be examined. Particular nations may provide something of a guide. Congo, UK, Italy, South Korea.

Asiatic peoples can be identified. Thailand is poorly known. Middle Eastern peoples were important. Some of the oldest remains of Neolithic culture are found in Iran. Turkey had various prehistoric settlements, notably Catalhuyuk. Predynastic peoples of Egypt can be identified. South Asian peoples are also not well known. There is some evidence of Neolithic culture in India in this period. There is an important neolithic settlement in Pakistan dating to this period. I have no information on Bangladesh in this period, except that is was presumably inhabited. Oriental peoples including those of China where evidence of neolithic cultures can be identified. I have no information on Japan during this period except that it was inhabited. I know nothing of Southeast Asia in this period. I know nothing of Indonesia in this period. I know nothing of the Philippines. I know nothing of Vietnam.

The roots of Western civilization are obscure. Archeological sequences in France are used as a basis for comparison of other nations. The roots of Northeastern European peoples are obscure. I have no information on Russia during this period, expect that it was presumably inhabited. I have no information on Germanic peoples including those of Germany

It may be possible to recognize the roots of African peoples. I have no information on Ethiopia for this period. I have no information on West African peoples including Nigeria during this period.

American Indian peoples can be followed with difficulty. I have no information on Mexico. For South American peoples, I know nothing of Brazil in this period. Remains of North American Indian peoples can be found in the present-day United States.

Other History

Within the general topic of prehistory, this is preceded by middle prehistory. It is followed by antiquity, particularly the 5th millennium BC, and classical and medieval history. Modern history is the most easily applicable. Views based on classical and biblical scholarship prevailed in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, archaeological discoveries related to this period began to take place, and have developed throughout the 20th century, though at present I lack details on for the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. The future of these studies is obscure.