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Natural and physical science, including biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics is somewhat indirectly useful to history. |
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This can be connected and applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, modern history, and the future.
Biology can be connected and applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, modern history, and the future.
Biohistory is somewhat useful, and can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Precambrian life, Paleozoic life is indirectly connected to history. Mesozoic life is only indirectly connected to history. Cenozoic life is more useful and better connected to history and there are connections with Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs.
Ecology can be applied indirectly to antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Biogeography including oceanic biogeography and terrestrial biogeography can be applied to history. Ecosystems including aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems can be applied to history. Evolution with extinction, speciation, selection, and variation can be applied to history. System ecology, community ecology, population ecology, and behavioral ecology might also be applied.
Systematics can be applied indirectly to antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. microbes, protists, plants, and fungi can be considered. Animals such as sponges and jellyfish, protostomes and deuterostomes, fish and tetrapods may be referred to in history.
Biology of organisms may be applied indirectly to antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Behavior, live cycle, form, organ systems, tissues, and habitat may help organize historical information.
Cell biology may be applied indirectly to modern history. Cell types, behavior and structure seem to be minimally useful.
Molecular biology with details of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, small organics, and inorganics seem to be only indirectly useful to history
Earth science may be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, modern times, and the future.
Most of earth history, including the Precambrian era, Paleozoic era, and Mesozoic era is only weakly and indirectly useful to history including modern history. All human history has take place in the Cenozoic era. Events of the Pliocene epoch are obscure, but the ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch are related to history. All recorded human history is confined to the Holocene epoch. This can be used by modern history.
Physical geography including mapping, oceanic geography, and terrestrial geography can also be indirectly connected to classical and medieval and modern history.
Atmospheric science is also useful. Atmospheric structure is of little direct concern, but meteorology including the weather with storms and climatology are important in history.
Hydrospheric science is somewhat useful. Oceanography has become more important in recent history, and glaciology was more important in prehistory than today, but studies of freshwater including floods and the like and groundwater are also important to history.
Geology is mostly indirectly useful. Mineralogy and Petrology are not directly useful, but landforms and events such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are. Geologic history is rather indirectly useful to history.
Astronomy may be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, modern history, and the future.
The focus in this section is more on human history than the so-called "big history" of the universe, which is considered under cosmology. Galactic astronomy is far removed from human events and is not immediately useful. Stellar astronomy is a little less useful. The Interstellar medium is mostly invisible to most people, but the visible stars, star clusters, and astrocartography can be connected. Events of solar system astronomy are also sometimes helpful in history. The sun occupies a place in the background of history. Planetary systems and related events such as eclipses can be identified, although it may be difficult to distinguish the inner planets from the outer planets. Minor bodies and passages of comets are also sometimes helpful in history. Solar system history is of limited use.
Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances may be useful to history.
Physics including the structure of matter, relativity, quantum physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics may be useful in history.